Altered States of Consciousness Drugs and Addiction Definitions

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Altered States of Consciousness Drugs and Addiction

Altered States of Consciousness Drugs and Addiction

Definitions • Drug: Any chemical substance that alters your perception, mood or behavior. •

Definitions • Drug: Any chemical substance that alters your perception, mood or behavior. • What do Drugs Do? • Effect activity of the brain cells • Imitate or alter neurotransmitters • Dependence: Mental • Can also increase or need to take more of a decreased amount of drug after continued neurotransmitters use

Use of Drugs - Percentage “This picture demonstrates the debilitating effects of drug use.

Use of Drugs - Percentage “This picture demonstrates the debilitating effects of drug use. You can clearly see the physical breakdown that occurs with the abuse of drugs. What you don't see but can imagine is the loss of jobs, relationships and family. ” http: //www. houstoncriminallawjournal. com/a

Concepts in drug use – Tolerance: The need to use more and more of

Concepts in drug use – Tolerance: The need to use more and more of a drug to continue to get the same effects – Dependence • Physiological: Showing a withdrawal syndrome once removed from the drug regimen • Psychological: An emotional need for the drug • Co-dependence – Withdrawal: A distinct set of physiological symptoms associated with the removal of the drug from the system

Classifications of Drugs • Stimulants: Drugs that stimulate CNS activity – Examples - amphetamines,

Classifications of Drugs • Stimulants: Drugs that stimulate CNS activity – Examples - amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine • Depressants: Drugs which decrease CNS activity – Examples - Alcohol, Barbiturates, Minor tranquilizers • Hallucinogens: Drugs that change perception and self -awareness – Examples - LSD, PCP, marijuana

Stimulants • Originally prescribed for weight loss • Now only used to treat narcolepsy,

Stimulants • Originally prescribed for weight loss • Now only used to treat narcolepsy, childhood hyperactivity and OD’s of depressants • Used to help people stay awake • 60% higher addiction rate compared to depressants

Cocaine • Stimulates the CNS • Gives feelings of alertness • From 1886 -1906

Cocaine • Stimulates the CNS • Gives feelings of alertness • From 1886 -1906 Coke a Cola contained Cocaine (has been replaced with Caffeine) • “hits” on last about 20 minutes • One of the most dangerous drugs • 1 st time can cause heart attack strokes or convulsions • Increases dopamine & adrenaline • Extreme addiction – Cravings can last up to 5 years after addiction

Caffeine • Most used psychoactive drug in North America • Caffeine stimulates the brain

Caffeine • Most used psychoactive drug in North America • Caffeine stimulates the brain by blocking chemicals that normally inhibit or slow nerve activity

Caffeine • Found in coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, and cocoa • More then 2000

Caffeine • Found in coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, and cocoa • More then 2000 nonprescription drugs contain caffeine • You can be addicted • Increases growth in breast cyst in women • May contribute to bladder cancer, heart problems & high blood pressure • Suspected link to birth defects • Increase chance of miscarriage • More then half of all caffeine uses show some dependence

Nicotine • Second most used drug • Very potent drug & addictive • Toxic

Nicotine • Second most used drug • Very potent drug & addictive • Toxic (used to kill bugs) • In a nonsmoker 50 -75 milligrams can kill • Withdrawal is strong • Cravings last 2 -6 weeks during detox

Substance Examples of Street Names Medical Uses Period of Detection (used one time) Route

Substance Examples of Street Names Medical Uses Period of Detection (used one time) Route of Administration Stimulants Amphetamine Biphetamine, Dexedrine; Black Beauties, Crosses, Hearts Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, narcolepsy Cocaine Coke, Crack, Flake, Rocks, Snow Local Injected, smoked, sniffed 1 -4 days anesthetic, vasoconstrictor Methamphetamine Desoxyn; Crank, , ADHD, Glass, Ice, Speed obesity, narcolepsy Injected, oral, smoked, sniffed 1 -2 days Methylphenidate Ritalin Injected, oral 1 -2 days Nicotine Cigars, Cigarettes, Treatment for Smoked, sniffed, oral, Snuff, Spit nicotine transdermal Tobacco, etc. dependence ADHD, narcolepsy Injected, oral, smoked, sniffed 1 -2 days

Hallucinogens LSD (Acid) • Can cause PTSD and schizophrenia. • Geometric patterns

Hallucinogens LSD (Acid) • Can cause PTSD and schizophrenia. • Geometric patterns

Hallucinogens • Ecstasy is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. • It produces euphoric high

Hallucinogens • Ecstasy is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. • It produces euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons resulting in permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.

Depressants Alcohol • Slows down sympathetic nervous system. • Disrupts memory processing. • Reduces

Depressants Alcohol • Slows down sympathetic nervous system. • Disrupts memory processing. • Reduces self-awareness. • Involved in up to 60% of all crimes. • The worst drug from a macro perspective

Effects of Alcohol • Effects men and women • Over 25 million people differently

Effects of Alcohol • Effects men and women • Over 25 million people differently have a drinking problem in North America – Men effects sexually – Women absorbed faster • Reaction time starts to but metabolized slower slow at . 01 % level – Women higher risk of • Shuts down the liver cancer, judgment center of osteoporosis and brain depression – As few as 3 drinks a week increases chance of breast cancer as much as 50%

Effects of Alcohol • Binge drinking – 70 % of college students – 5

Effects of Alcohol • Binge drinking – 70 % of college students – 5 drinks in a short time 4 for girls • Why so serious? – Teens who binge drink may damage up to 10 % of the brain – “Getting drunk is a slow way to get stupid”

How do to recognize a drinking problem • Initial phase – Increasing consumption –

How do to recognize a drinking problem • Initial phase – Increasing consumption – Morning drinking – Regretted behavior – Blackouts • Crucial phase – Can still control when and where drinks are taken • Chronic phase – Dependent – Rarely eat – Can become drunk on less alcohol • Treatment – Cut the supply “detoxification” – Restore health – Use of antidepressants or therapy

Depressants - Barbiturates • Tranquilizers • Sedative drugs that • Taken to sleep (but

Depressants - Barbiturates • Tranquilizers • Sedative drugs that • Taken to sleep (but depress brain activity reduce REM sleep). – Small amounts • Taken with other drugs- similar to alcohol you can get a synergistic – Medium amounts effect. severe mental confusion or hallucinations – Large amounts • Coma or death

Depressants Opiates • Initially used as medicine in the late 1800 s • Heroin

Depressants Opiates • Initially used as medicine in the late 1800 s • Heroin and morphine • Addiction comes fast and the withdrawal symptoms are bad

Depressants Nickname Medical Use Method Effect Time Alcohol Beer, Wine, Liquor Antidote for Oral

Depressants Nickname Medical Use Method Effect Time Alcohol Beer, Wine, Liquor Antidote for Oral methanol poisoning 6 -10 hours Barbiturates Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, Phenobarbital; Barbs Anesthetic, Injected, oral anticonvulsan t, hypnotic, sedative 2 -10 days Benzodiazepines Activan, Antianxiety, Injected, oral Halcion, anticonvulsan Librium, t, hypnotic, Rohypnol, sedative Valium; Roofies, Tranks, Xanax 1 -6 weeks Methaqualone Quaalude, Ludes None 2 weeks Oral

Marijuana (Tetrahydrocannabinal) • 24 hours after using • Driving while High on attention, coordination

Marijuana (Tetrahydrocannabinal) • 24 hours after using • Driving while High on attention, coordination Marijuana is as dangerous and STM are impaired as drinking and driving • Frequent users show • No overdose have been small declines in learning recorded abilities & score 4 to 10 • THC accumulates in the points lower on IQ test body (mostly the brain) • Can causes paranoia, hallucinations and dizziness • Dependence is psychological not physical

Marijuana • Health Risks – May increase lung cancer, 3 joints = 12 cigarettes

Marijuana • Health Risks – May increase lung cancer, 3 joints = 12 cigarettes – Temporary lowers sperm – Increases miscarriage rates – Decreases immune system – Slows the brain – Hurts memory

Marijuana • Can help with pain in SOME situations – Used with glaucoma –

Marijuana • Can help with pain in SOME situations – Used with glaucoma – Extreme weight loss (gives you the munchies as a side effect) – Cancer patients • Medical use has been recommended in some situations – But usually not smoked !!! (inhalers) • Is it addictive?

 Hallucinogens and Other Compounds LSD Acid, Microdot Psychiatric Therapy Oral 8 hours Mescaline

Hallucinogens and Other Compounds LSD Acid, Microdot Psychiatric Therapy Oral 8 hours Mescaline Buttons, Cactus, Mesc, Peyote Psychiatric Therapy Oral 2 -3 days Phencyclidine & Analogs PCP; Angel Dust, Boat, Hog, Love Boat Anesthetic (veterinary) Injected, oral, smoked 2 -8 days Psilocybin Magic Mushroom, Psychiatric Purple Passion, Therapy Shrooms Oral 8 hours Amphetamine variants DOB, DOM, MDA, Psychiatric MDMA; Adam, Therapy Ecstasy, STP, XTC Oral 1 -2 days Marijuana Blunt, Grass, Herb, Many (appetite Oral, smoked Pot, Reefer, stimulant, anti. Sinsemilla, Smoke, nausea, others) Weed 1 day - 5 weeks Hashish Hash Same As Marijuana Oral, smoked 1 day - 5 weeks Tetrahydrocannabinol Marinol, THC Antiemetic Oral, smoked 1 day - 5 weeks Anabolic Steroids Testosterone (T/E ratio), Stanazolol, Nandrolene Hormone Replacement Therapy Oral, injected Oral: up to 3 weeks (for testosterone and others); Injected: up to 3 months (Nandrolene up to 9 months)

Methamphetamine • Meth is cheap and deadly. It’s highly addictive and has serious side

Methamphetamine • Meth is cheap and deadly. It’s highly addictive and has serious side effects (death) • The production of meth is also dangerous putting non-users at risk. – Contaminated homes must be stripped to wood to get rid of traces of meth – Increased rates of cancer in narcotics officers – Mobile meth labs in vans, dangerous on road

Meth

Meth

Meth

Meth

Meth

Meth

Meth

Meth

Alcohol Faces

Alcohol Faces

Cocaine

Cocaine

Dependence and Addiction Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure,

Dependence and Addiction Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Small Large Drug dose

Trends in Drug Use 80% High school seniors reporting drug use 70 60 50

Trends in Drug Use 80% High school seniors reporting drug use 70 60 50 40 30 Alcohol Marijuana/ hashish 20 10 Cocaine 0 1975 ‘ 77 ‘ 79 ‘ 81 ‘ 83 ‘ 85 ‘ 87 ‘ 89 ‘ 91 ‘ 93 ‘ 95 ‘ 97 ‘ 99 Year

Perceived Marijuana Risk 100% Percent of twelfth graders 90 80 Perceived “great risk of

Perceived Marijuana Risk 100% Percent of twelfth graders 90 80 Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use 70 60 50 40 30 Used marijuana 20 10 0 ‘ 75 ‘ 77 ‘ 79 ‘ 81 ‘ 83 ‘ 85 ‘ 87 ‘ 89 ‘ 91 ‘ 93 ‘ 95 ‘ 97 ‘ 99 Year

Factors influencing drugs effects • • Tolerance Weight Physiology Amount and strength • •

Factors influencing drugs effects • • Tolerance Weight Physiology Amount and strength • • Mood Personality Age Gender

Patterns of Abuse • All drugs are not created equal along with all drug

Patterns of Abuse • All drugs are not created equal along with all drug users • Different types of abuse – Experimental – Social-recreational – Intensive – Compulsive

Influences on Drug Use of drugs is based on biological, psychological and social-cultural influences.

Influences on Drug Use of drugs is based on biological, psychological and social-cultural influences.

Near-Death Experiences • After a close brush with death many people report experiencing moving

Near-Death Experiences • After a close brush with death many people report experiencing moving through a dark tunnel with light at the end. • Under the influence of hallucinogens others report bright light at the center of their field of vision.

Mind-Body Problem • Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the

Mind-Body Problem • Near-death experiences raise the mind-body issue. Can the mind survive the dying body? 1. Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (nonphysical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact. 2. Monism: Monists believe mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.