Alphabet Knowledge THE NEFEC REACH PROJECT was funded

Alphabet Knowledge

THE NEFEC REACH PROJECT was funded by a grant through Early Reading First 2007 -2011. The information in this Power. Point is provided by the NEFEC REACH Workshop Series Website. The information is a consolidation of professional learning presentations, current research and teacher contributions. The ERF REACH Lead Team is providing this early literacy information for early learning educators and professional leaders. We have provided the most current research as well as practical application ideas and suggestions for early learning educators to use in their classrooms. Please preview and adjust the information as needed for the purposes of your audience.

Why is Alphabet Knowledge Important ? n A child’s ability to identify the letters of the alphabet by name is one of the best predictors of how readily he or she will learn to read. Treiman, Kessler, & Pollo (2006) n Without firm knowledge of letters, children will have difficulty with all other aspects of early literacy. Bradley & Stahl (2001)

Alphabet Knowledge is Important

What Does it Mean to “Know” a Letter? a n Letter-name knowledge • What letter is this? n Letter-shape recognition • Point to the letter “a”. n Letter-sound knowledge • What sound does this letter make? n Ability to print letters • Write the letter “a”. n Rapid letter naming • Name these letters as quickly as you can. Bradley & Stahl (2001)

Attending to Features of Print Children need to know that. . . n Letters have features such as sticks, curves, circles, tails, and tunnels. n Orientation of letters is important. n There is a specific way to form each letter. n Each letter has a name and two forms (uppercase and lowercase). n Each letter is connected to at least one sound. Pinnell& Fountas (1998)

How Should the Alphabet be Taught? n n Alphabet knowledge is one of the least studied areas of literacy. We know why it’s important, but there is limited agreement about what constitutes effective alphabet instruction (Piasta & Wagner, 2010). Children can benefit from using their names as a springboard for learning the letters of the alphabet. Children recognize, read, and write their names earlier than other words (Bloodgood, 1999). Children are familiar with the letters that make up their own name and are able to recognize the first letter of their name more easily than other letters of the alphabet. This concept has been termed own-name advantage (Treiman & Broderick, 1998).

How Should the Alphabet Be Taught? n Children appear to use letter names to help learn and remember letter sounds (Treiman, et al. , 2006). n Handwriting practice helps young children learn and recall letter shapes (Ehri & Roberts, 2006; Beringer, 1999). n Children learn alphabet letters most readily when the letters appear in meaningful settings (Neuman et al. , 2000).

Writing Letters n Learning to form a letter is great support in learning the letter shape. n Forming letters does not have to be a pencil and paper task. q Air writing q Forming the letter in sand, rice, or shaving cream q Tracing sandpaper letters or outlined letters q Sidewalk chalk may be easier for writing before fine motor skills are ready for pencils

Writing Letters n The point is learning the correct way to form a letter— where to start, which direction to move, and where to end. n Instruction in letter formation should be about the process, not about the product. n Learning to form the letters correctly promotes handwriting fluency, which is linked with the quantity and quality of written expression. n Handwriting vs. Penmanship

Pre-Writing Center The goal of a pre-writing center is to help children develop fine motor skills.

Letter Sounds n Children need to learn the sounds of letters so they can use them as they decode words. n As they decode, they need to be able to blend the sounds of letters. n So, we need to be sure the letter sounds we are teaching are blendable!

Embedding Alphabet Knowledge Throughout the Day

Small Group: Shared Reading Experience n n Chanting story refrains Reading keywords Filling in predictable parts and phrases Echo reading Morrow, Freitag, & Gambrell (2009)

Welcome Daily News Sign-In

Transitions: Center Song Tune: "Where is Thumbkin? ” Teacher: Where is _____? Where is ____? Child : Here I am. Teacher: How are you today, _____? Child : Very well, I thank you. Teacher: Choose a center

Recess Without firm knowledge of letters, children will have difficulty with all other aspects of literacy (Bradley & Stahl, 2001).

Whole Group: Shared Writing Experience Turns into……

Centers: Dramatic Play

Alphabet Center Children need multiple opportunities “to manipulate and practice letters” (NCFL, 2009, 19).

Child Made Alphabet Books

References Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and ; earning about print. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bloodgood, J. W. (1999). What's in a name? Children's name writing and literacy acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly, 34(3), 342– 367. Bradley, B. A. , & Stahl, S. A. (2001). Learning the alphabet. Presented at the National Reading Conference. http: //www. ciera. org/library/presos/2001 nrc/01 nrcstahl/01 nrcsta. pdf Gibson, E. P. , Gibson, J. J. , Pick, A. D. , & Osser, H. (1962). A Developmental study of the discrimination of letter-like forms. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 897 -906. Justice, L. M. , Pence, K. , Bowles, R. B. , & Wiggins, A. (2006). An investigation of four hypotheses concerning the order by which 4 -year-old children learn the alphabet letters. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 21(3), 374 -389.

References Lane, H. B. , Pullen, P. C. , Hudson, R. F. , & Konold, T. R. (2009). Identifying essential instructional components of literacy tutoring for struggling beginning readers. Literacy Research and Instruction, 48, 277 -297. Lonigan, C. (2004). Emergent literacy skills and family literacy. In Handbook of Family Literacy, edited by Barbara H. Wasik, 57 -81. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mc. Gee, L. M. (2007). Transforming literacy practices in preschool: Researchbased practices that give all children the opportunity to reach their potential as learners. NY, NY: Scholastic. Mc. Gee, L. M. , & D. J. Richgels. (1990). Literacy’s beginnings: Supporting young readers and writers. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

References National Research Council. (1998). Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Neuman, S. B. (2006). N is for nonsensical. Educational Leadership, 64(2), 28 -31. Phillips, B. M. , Clancy-Menchetti, J. , & Lonigan, C. J. (2008). Successful phonological awareness instruction with preschool children: Lessons from the classroom. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 28(1), 3 -17. Piasta, S. B. , & Wagner, R. K. (2010). Developing early literacy skills: A meta‐analysis of alphabet learning and instruction. Reading Research Quarterly, 45(1), 8– 38. Pinnell, G. , & Fountas, I. (1998). Word matters. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Schickedanz, J. A. , & Casbergue, R. M. (2004). Writing in preschool: Learning to orchestrate meaning and marks. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

References Morrow, L. M. , Freitag, E. , & Gambrell, L. B. (2009). Using children’s literature in preschool to develop comprehension. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. Stahl, S. A. , & Murray, B. A. (1994). Defining phonological awareness and Its relationship to early reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2), 221 -234. Treiman, R. , & Broderick, V. (1998). What’s in a name: Children’s knowledge about the letters in their own names. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 70, 97– 116. Treiman, R. , Kessler, B. , & Pollo, T. C. (2006). Learning about the letter name subset of the vocabulary: Evidence from U. S. and Brazilian preschoolers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 211‐ 227. Whitehurst, G. J. , & Lonigan, C. (1998). Child development and emergent Literacy. Child Development, 69(3), 848 -872. Whitehurst, G. J. , & Lonigan, C. J. (2001). Emergent literacy: Development from prereaders to readers. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickenson (Eds. ), Handbook of Early Literacy Research (pp. 11 - 29). New York: Guilford Press.