All organisms Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

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各级分类单元 All organisms 域 Domain 界 Kingdom 门 Phylum 纲 Class 目 Order 科

各级分类单元 All organisms 域 Domain 界 Kingdom 门 Phylum 纲 Class 目 Order 科 Family Eukarya Fungi Ascomycota Archaea Bacteria None assigned for archaea None assigned for bacteria Euryarcheota Proteobacteria Hemiascomycetes Methanococci Gammaproteobacteria Saccharomycetales Methanococcales Enterobacteriales Saccharomycetaceae Methanococcaceae Enterobacteriaceae 属 Genus Saccharomyces Methanothermococcus 种 Species S. cerevisiae Baker’s yeast M. okinawensis Methanococcus Escherichia E. coli 5

 • sp. vs spp. –Bacillus sp. (一种芽孢杆菌) –Bacillus spp. (若干种芽孢杆菌) • Strain (菌株)

• sp. vs spp. –Bacillus sp. (一种芽孢杆菌) –Bacillus spp. (若干种芽孢杆菌) • Strain (菌株) –Escherichia coli K 12 • Type strain (典型菌株) Rhizobium daejeanense L 61 T 8

双名法(binominal nomenclature) 属名(generic name) 双名法 种名加词(specific epithet) 9

双名法(binominal nomenclature) 属名(generic name) 双名法 种名加词(specific epithet) 9

命名法(Nomenclature) • Approved List of Bacterial Name (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1980, 30:

命名法(Nomenclature) • Approved List of Bacterial Name (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1980, 30: 255 -429) – 在 Approved List之前,没有固定的规律来描述新的种 e. g. , 链霉菌(Streptomyces )属曾同时包含超过3, 000 种 • 统一的系统 • 理事会:International committee on systematic bacteriology (ICSB) (系统细菌学国际委员会) • 规则:细菌命名法的国际法规 • 官方杂志 – International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB) – International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) (From 2000) 13

微生物命名(Nomenclature)流程 分�学的提� (新的分��位,新的�合) IJSEM中�表 其它�志�表 作者委托 IJSEM Notification List in IJSEM Validation List in

微生物命名(Nomenclature)流程 分�学的提� (新的分��位,新的�合) IJSEM中�表 其它�志�表 作者委托 IJSEM Notification List in IJSEM Validation List in IJSEM 14

Prokaryotes Bacteria 三域学说 Eukaryotes Archaea Eukarya Macroorganisms 19

Prokaryotes Bacteria 三域学说 Eukaryotes Archaea Eukarya Macroorganisms 19

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2 nd Edition ) Springer, New York Volume 1

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2 nd Edition ) Springer, New York Volume 1 (2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria(古生菌及其分支和光和细菌) Volume 2 (2005)The Proteobacteria (变形菌门) Volume 3 (2009)The Firmicutes (厚壁菌门) Volime 4 (2011) The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Ge mmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes (拟杆菌门等微生物量少的菌) Volume 5 (2012)The Actinobacteria (放线细菌门) 31

3、现代分类鉴定方法 • Committee on Reconciliation of Approaches to Bacterial Systematics of International Committee on

3、现代分类鉴定方法 • Committee on Reconciliation of Approaches to Bacterial Systematics of International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB, 细菌系统学国际委员会) - Wayne et al. (1987) IJSB 37: 463 -464 – – 细菌的物种应该反应基因组的关系 基于直接或间接的测量基因组核苷酸序列的比较 基因组测序 (直接的) – 理想的,但以前是不切实际 DNA-DNA 杂交 (间接的) 种的定义 – 在最优化的杂交温度下,全基因组杂交,70%结合(同源性) – Tm 小于5度 【The phylogenetic definition of species generally would include strains with approximately 70% or greater DNA-DNA relatedness and with 5°C or less Tm. Both values must be considered. 】 35 (属于同一个种的标准:Tm 小于5度,且杂交同源性大于等于70%)

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16 S r. RNA基因的PCR扩增 16 S r. RNA gene 9 F 341 F 518

16 S r. RNA基因的PCR扩增 16 S r. RNA gene 9 F 341 F 518 F amplification 536 R 907 F 1100 R 1512 R Primer 1512 R 5’-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’ 16 S r. RNA gene 1. 6 Kb Electrophoresis Primer 9 F 5’-GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’ 54

GC含量作为分类学的标记 • 原核生物之�GC 含量�化范� 20% - 80% • 相同的 GC 含量不意味着相同的碱 基�成 • Minimal

GC含量作为分类学的标记 • 原核生物之�GC 含量�化范� 20% - 80% • 相同的 GC 含量不意味着相同的碱 基�成 • Minimal value in the overall taxonomic characterization of genus and species G+C A+T+G+C ⅹ 100% Difference in mol% G+C = 0% ≠ same species Difference in mol% G+C ≥ 5% ≈ different species Difference in mol% G+C ≥ 10% ≈ different genus 58

靶 DNAs的固定 感�趣的菌株 完全无关的 e. g. 相关微生物 E. coli Brevibacterium casei DSM 20657 T

靶 DNAs的固定 感�趣的菌株 完全无关的 e. g. 相关微生物 E. coli Brevibacterium casei DSM 20657 T AJ 251418 Target Probe: strain of interest 95 (+) control 靶 97 (-) control 99 �性 91 83 �� DNAs Brevibacterium aureum Enb 15 AY 299092 Brevibacterium aureum Enb 17 AY 299093 Brevibacterium linens DSM 20425 T X 77451 Brevibacterium iodinum NCDO 613 T X 76567 0. 01 固定到膜上 洗出未�合的 DNAs washing 63

检测 (+) control F F F F F 8 RFU target �� F F

检测 (+) control F F F F F 8 RFU target �� F F 6 RFU (-) control F F 2 RFU:相对荧光单位(Relative Fluorescence Unit) 68