All organisms Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
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各级分类单元 All organisms 域 Domain 界 Kingdom 门 Phylum 纲 Class 目 Order 科 Family Eukarya Fungi Ascomycota Archaea Bacteria None assigned for archaea None assigned for bacteria Euryarcheota Proteobacteria Hemiascomycetes Methanococci Gammaproteobacteria Saccharomycetales Methanococcales Enterobacteriales Saccharomycetaceae Methanococcaceae Enterobacteriaceae 属 Genus Saccharomyces Methanothermococcus 种 Species S. cerevisiae Baker’s yeast M. okinawensis Methanococcus Escherichia E. coli 5
• sp. vs spp. –Bacillus sp. (一种芽孢杆菌) –Bacillus spp. (若干种芽孢杆菌) • Strain (菌株) –Escherichia coli K 12 • Type strain (典型菌株) Rhizobium daejeanense L 61 T 8
双名法(binominal nomenclature) 属名(generic name) 双名法 种名加词(specific epithet) 9
命名法(Nomenclature) • Approved List of Bacterial Name (International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 1980, 30: 255 -429) – 在 Approved List之前,没有固定的规律来描述新的种 e. g. , 链霉菌(Streptomyces )属曾同时包含超过3, 000 种 • 统一的系统 • 理事会:International committee on systematic bacteriology (ICSB) (系统细菌学国际委员会) • 规则:细菌命名法的国际法规 • 官方杂志 – International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB) – International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM) (From 2000) 13
微生物命名(Nomenclature)流程 分�学的提� (新的分��位,新的�合) IJSEM中�表 其它�志�表 作者委托 IJSEM Notification List in IJSEM Validation List in IJSEM 14
Prokaryotes Bacteria 三域学说 Eukaryotes Archaea Eukarya Macroorganisms 19
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2 nd Edition ) Springer, New York Volume 1 (2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria(古生菌及其分支和光和细菌) Volume 2 (2005)The Proteobacteria (变形菌门) Volume 3 (2009)The Firmicutes (厚壁菌门) Volime 4 (2011) The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Ge mmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes (拟杆菌门等微生物量少的菌) Volume 5 (2012)The Actinobacteria (放线细菌门) 31
3、现代分类鉴定方法 • Committee on Reconciliation of Approaches to Bacterial Systematics of International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB, 细菌系统学国际委员会) - Wayne et al. (1987) IJSB 37: 463 -464 – – 细菌的物种应该反应基因组的关系 基于直接或间接的测量基因组核苷酸序列的比较 基因组测序 (直接的) – 理想的,但以前是不切实际 DNA-DNA 杂交 (间接的) 种的定义 – 在最优化的杂交温度下,全基因组杂交,70%结合(同源性) – Tm 小于5度 【The phylogenetic definition of species generally would include strains with approximately 70% or greater DNA-DNA relatedness and with 5°C or less Tm. Both values must be considered. 】 35 (属于同一个种的标准:Tm 小于5度,且杂交同源性大于等于70%)
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16 S r. RNA基因的PCR扩增 16 S r. RNA gene 9 F 341 F 518 F amplification 536 R 907 F 1100 R 1512 R Primer 1512 R 5’-ACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’ 16 S r. RNA gene 1. 6 Kb Electrophoresis Primer 9 F 5’-GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’ 54
GC含量作为分类学的标记 • 原核生物之�GC 含量�化范� 20% - 80% • 相同的 GC 含量不意味着相同的碱 基�成 • Minimal value in the overall taxonomic characterization of genus and species G+C A+T+G+C ⅹ 100% Difference in mol% G+C = 0% ≠ same species Difference in mol% G+C ≥ 5% ≈ different species Difference in mol% G+C ≥ 10% ≈ different genus 58
靶 DNAs的固定 感�趣的菌株 完全无关的 e. g. 相关微生物 E. coli Brevibacterium casei DSM 20657 T AJ 251418 Target Probe: strain of interest 95 (+) control 靶 97 (-) control 99 �性 91 83 �� DNAs Brevibacterium aureum Enb 15 AY 299092 Brevibacterium aureum Enb 17 AY 299093 Brevibacterium linens DSM 20425 T X 77451 Brevibacterium iodinum NCDO 613 T X 76567 0. 01 固定到膜上 洗出未�合的 DNAs washing 63
检测 (+) control F F F F F 8 RFU target �� F F 6 RFU (-) control F F 2 RFU:相对荧光单位(Relative Fluorescence Unit) 68
- Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
- Phylum kingdom class
- Domain kingdom phylum
- 3 domain system of classification
- Domain kingdom phylum
- 8 levels of classification
- Family genus species order
- Taxonomic classification of cat
- Euglena kingdom
- Plant classes taxonomy
- Horse animal kingdom classification
- What are the classifications of human?
- Classification of humans
- Phylogenetic tree of a dog
- Kingdom phylum class
- Bacteria kingdom phylum class order
- Bacteria kingdom, phylum, class, order
- Platypus class
- Fish kingdom phylum class order
- Classification scheme of a fungus and a bacterium
- Linnaean classification rabbit
- Scientific classification of frog
- Lizin iron agar
- Cuttlefish kingdom
- Kingdom of sunflower
- Old kingdom middle kingdom new kingdom
- Old kingdom middle kingdom new kingdom
- Old kingdom middle kingdom new kingdom
- Capital of egypt during the old kingdom
- Subphylum of grasshopper
- Domain kingdom phylum mnemonic
- What classification is an axolotl
- Iucn red list
- Kingdom animalia phylum chordata class mammalia
- Diptera
- Squid part
- Subphylum aves
- Competitive interaction
- Multicellular and unicellular organisms
- 1st order 2nd order 3rd order neurons
- Tracheobionta
- 3 domain 6 kingdom
- Plantae characteristics
- Kingdom archaebacteria
- Monogenea class
- Family order genus species
- Name all the lines name all the segments name all the rays
- The 6 animal kingdoms
- Aves taxonomy
- Kingdom animalia phylum chordata
- Earthworms belong to what kingdom
- Animal kingdom phylum chordata
- King phillip came over for good soup
- Amoeba kingdom
- Basidiomycetes
- Kingdom animalia phylum arthropoda
- Kingdom fungi phylum
- Cnidarian digestive system
- Kingdom animalia phylum chordata
- Kingdom eumycota
- Kingdom animalia phylum cnidaria
- Protista mobility
- Plantae
- Fungi eukarya
- What kingdom is considered the ods and ends kingdom?
- 3 domain 6 kingdom
- Linnaeus
- Domain vs kingdom