ALL ABOUT CAMERA Camera A camera is an

ALL ABOUT CAMERA

Camera A camera is an optical instrument that records images that can be stored directly, transmitted to another location, or both. These images may be still photographs or moving images such as videos or movies.

History The history of the camera can be traced much further back than the introduction of photography. The term camera comes from the word camera obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"), an early mechanism for projecting images. The modern camera evolved from the camera obscura & functioning of the camera is very similar to the functioning of the human eye.

Camera Obscura Cameras evolved from the camera obscura, and continued to change through many generations of photographic technology, including Daguerre types, callow types, dry plates, film, and digital cameras.

History Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device dating back to the ancient Chinese and ancient Greeks, [2][3] which uses a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside upsidedown onto a viewing surface.

Further Developments The first partially successful photograph of a camera image was made in approximately 1816 by —Nicephore Niepce, [6][7] using a very small camera of his own making and a piece of paper coated with silver chloride, which darkened where it was exposed to light. After Niepce's death in 1833, his partner Louis Daguerre continued to experiment and by 1837 had created the first practical photographic process, which he named the daguerreotype and publicly unveiled in 1839.

Further Developments TLRs and SLRs: The first practical reflex camera was the Franke & Heidecke Rolleiflex medium format TLR of 1928. Instant cameras -A similar revolution in SLR design began in 1933 with the introduction of the Ihagee Exakta, a compact SLR which used roll film While conventional cameras were becoming more refined and sophisticated, an entirely new type of camera appeared on the market in 1948.

■ Digital cameras: By the late 1980 s, the technology required to produce truly commercial digital cameras existed. The first true portable digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was likely the Fuji DS 1 P of 1988, which recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card that used a battery to keep the data in memory

Types of Camera ■ Range Finder Camera ■ Twin-Lens Reflex Cameras & Single-Lens Reflex Cameras ■ View Cameras and Technical Cameras ■ Instant Cameras ■ Disc Cameras ■ Compact Camera ■ Mirrorless Camera

Major Parts of Camera

Camera lens A camera lens (also known as photographic lens or photographic objective) is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of storing an image chemically or electronically

Shutter Button ■ Press this button to release the shutter. ■ The shutter button stroke is divided into two stages: press the button down halfway to activate the AF — function, and press it down fully to release the shutter.

Lens Mount This is the section for connecting the exchangeable lens to the camera body. Attach the lens by sliding it along the surface of the mount.

Mirror Light entering through the lens is reflected from this mirror toward the viewfinder. The mirror is movable, -and flips up immediately before a shot is taken.

Built-in Flash ■ When needed, you can fire the flash to capture a shot of dimly-lit scenes. ■ Flash may be automatically fired in some modes.

Top Side

Focus Mode Switch ■ Use this switch to set the focusing mode to Automatic (AF) or Manual r oo (MF). h>* t*» ss AF| r. MF f||il ■■ HI 1|H >r STABILIZER I 0 N| r. OFF

Mode Dial Turn this dial to select a shooting mode according to the scene you want to capture. The shooting modes are largely divided into two different zones, Creative and Basic. A: Creative Zone B: Basic Zone The Creative Zone modes allow users to select and set functions according to their intended purpose. In the Basic Zone modes, the camera automatically selects the appropriate settings according to the selected scene

Power Switch Use this switch to power on or power off the camera. When the power of the camera is left on for a prolonged period of time, it switches automatically to the standby mode to conserve power. For some cameras, the power OFF switch comes show with a Movie icon

ISO Speed Setting Button ■ Press this button to adjust the sensitivity of the camera toward light. ■ ISO speed is an international standard that is determined —based on the sensitivity —of negative films.

Main Dial ■ This is a multipurpose dial that allows you to perform tasks such as adjusting the value of the shooting settings and jumping through playback

Zoom Ring ■ Turn the zoom ring to alter the focal length. ■ The selected focal length can be identified from the numbers and —index marks at the lower end of the lens.

Focus Ring ■ When the camera is in the Manual Focus (MF) mode, turn this ring to adjust the focus. ■ The position of the use focus ring varies according to the lens

EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: APERTURE, ISO & SHUTTER SPEED

Aperture Setting ■ A camera's aperture setting controls the area over which light can pass through your camera lens. It is specified in terms of an f-stop value, which can at times be counterintuitive, because the area of the opening increases as the f-stop decreases.

L i ■ In photographer slang, when someone says they are "stopping down" or "opening up" their lens, they are referring to increasing and decreasing the f-stop value, Aperture SETTING respectively. Wide Aperture Narrow Aperture

SHUTTER SPEED ■ A camera's shutter determines when the —camera sensor will be open or closed to —incoming light from the camera lens. —

SHUTTER SPEED ■ The shutter speed specifically refers to how long this light is permitted to enter the camera. ■ "Shutter speed" and "exposure time" refer to the same concept, where a faster shutter speed means a shorter exposure time. Slow Shutter Speed Fast Shutter Speed!

ISO SPEED ■ The ISO speed determines how sensitive the camera is to incoming light. ■ Similar to shutter speed, it also correlates 1: 1 —with how much the exposure increases or decreases. However, unlike aperture and shutter speed, a lower ISO speed is almost always desirable, since higher ISO speeds dramatically increase image noise. ■ As a result, ISO speed is usually only increased from its minimum value if the desired aperture and shutter speed aren’t otherwise obtainable.

■ Depth of Field Depth of field is the amount of distance between the nearest and farthest objects that appear in acceptably sharp focus in a photograph. It varies depending on camera type, aperture and focusing distance, although print size and viewing distance can also influence our perception of depth of field. A preferred selection Depth of field ("DOF") in a focused subject in an image can be quite subjective. Adequate selection of DOF for one situation, application may be unacceptable for another photographer. It is all a matter of personal preference when trying to determine the appropriate use of DOF to enhance an effect in a photograph.