Albert Einstein ALFVN LABORATORY FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION
Albert Einstein ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Fusion Research and the ITER Experiment Jim Drake Alfvén Laboratory neutron T D ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR He Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
60 000 k. Wh is the average annual per capita energy consumption in Sweden 0. 7 gram D&T fusion fuel or 8 ton coal or 27 ton biomass (one year’s growth from 20 000 m 2 area) ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA Energi utan miljöproblem ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICSFusion research and the ITER experiument FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM 02 -09 -09 FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Outline of talk 1 ITER what is it status 2 Can it be smaller? - fusion plasma physics Alfvén Lab programme ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER Prototype fusionreactor ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Tokamak magnetic confinement • D - T plasma • Toroidal shape • External magnetic coils • Stable equilibrium Poloidal field coils ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Plasma Toroidal field coils Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Interior of Joint European Torus (JET) experiment in UK With man ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR With plasma Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Objective The overall programmatic objective of ITER is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes. ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
How will ITER accomplish this objective? By demonstrating high power amplification and extended burn of D-T plasma, with steady state as an ultimate goal. By demonstrating technologies essential for a reactor. By performing integrated testing of the high-heat flux components. These steps maintain the strategy to take a single step from ITER to DEMO (Can DEMO be smaller? ) ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER Parameters major radius minor radius fusion power amplification plasma volume toroidal field on axis plasma current burn flat top ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR 6. 2 m 2. 0 m 500 MW >10 840 m 3 5. 3 T 15. 0 MA >400 s Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
How do we know we will achieve these parameters Physics data base from experiments empirical scaling laws First principles codes bench-marked D-T experiments in JET Alpha particle physics Technology development programme ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
– Data base from many tokamak experiments – There are different operation regimes with different scaling parameters – The most robust parameters are size and field strength (field strength corresponds to plasma current) First-principles scaling laws now show good agreement with empirical scaling laws. Theoretical confinement Time [sec] Empirical scaling laws ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Experimental confinement time [sec] Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Inject fuel and heating power n, T, T, tt n, "Confinement" Particle and energy losses occur at the plasma edge "size" Confinement involves building up and sustaining the plasma density and temperature. Gradient often ”self similar. ” ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Higher pressure top value Confinement can be improved by making the device larger: Diffusion time scale Radius 2 Diffusion coef. ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Higher pressure top value Transport barrier Confinement can be improved by creating transport barriers thus making the gradients steeper and the losses smaller ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Feedback Controller Sensor Magnetic Coils Confinement can be improved by active feedback on global instabilities, thus making possible operation at higher density and temperature. ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER - Status Six parties: EU, Japan, USA, Russia, South Korea, China. Two sites are proposed: Cadarache in France and Rokkashomura in the north of the main island of Japan. Negotiations deadlocked during all of 2004. Three to three! ð France offered to pay 20% unilaterally. ð Host EU 40%, France 20%, Russia 10%, China 10% = 80% ð EU Council of ministers has given the EU negotiators a mandate to 1) offer the Cadarache site. 2) get as many potential participants as possible to sign on. ð Then ITER will be built in Cadarache. ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA Energi utan miljöproblem ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICSFusion research and the ITER experiument FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM 02 -09 -09 FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
ITER is designed ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Can DEMO be smaller? - fusion plasma physics Alfvén Lab programme The Alfven Laboratory has a fusion experiment. EXTRAP T 2 R • Major radius 1. 24 m • Plasma current 100 k. A • Designed to study resistive wall instabilities and to be a test bed for development of methods for active control of these global instabilities. ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA Energi utan miljöproblem ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICSFusion research and the ITER experiument FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM 02 -09 -09 FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
The EXTRAP-T 2 R RFP Major radius 1. 24 m Minor radius 0. 183 m Plasma current 60 -120 k. A El. density 0. 5 -1. 5 x 1019 m-3 Magnetic fluct. 0. 2 -0. 5% τpulse 15 -25 ms τshell 6. 5 ms ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
EXTRAP T 2 R ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Active mode control methods studied Intelligent shell PID controllers acting to freeze flux at zero at each sensor coils at 16 toroidal positions active saddle coils at 16 toroidal positions coinciding with sensor coils Real time mode analysis Sensor coils at 32 toroidal positions Real time spatial FFT Feedback law applied to individual modes ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Real time inverse FFT Output to active saddle coils at 16 toroidal positions Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Coil systems poloidal direction toroidal direction 343. 125˚ 0˚ 16. 875˚ 39. 375˚ 61. 875˚ 84. 375˚ outboard bottom inboard top Br sensor coils 4 (poloidal) x 64 (toroidal) positions full surface coverage (limited acquisition) Active coils: twice the width of the sensor coils 4 (poloidal) x 16 (toroidal) positions 50% surface coverage ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Active mode control methods studied Intelligent shell PID controllers acting to freeze flux at zero at each sensor coils at 16 toroidal positions active saddle coils at 16 toroidal positions coinciding with sensor coils Real time mode analysis Sensor coils at 32 toroidal positions Real time spatial FFT Feedback law applied to individual modes ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Real time inverse FFT Output to active saddle coils at 16 toroidal positions Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Linear model for the (m, n)-harmonic of the RWM including external error and control field harmonics bm, n / t = gm, nbm, n - gm, n, w(Mm, n Im, n) where, • bm, n is the perturbed field measured at the sensor coil. • m, n is the growth rate of the mode. • m, n, w=(tm. n, w)-1 describes the diffusion rate of the harmonic at the thin wall and is determined only by the mode number and the wall parameters. • Mm, n. Im, n is the saddle-coil-produced control field (Im, n= current & Mm, n= ratio field to current, [Tesla/Amp]) ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA Energi utan miljöproblem ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICSFusion research and the ITER experiument FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM 02 -09 -09 FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Amplitude [a. u. ] Exponential growth of the (m=0, n= 1) global resistive wall mode Perturbation grows exponentially (i. e. Linear model applicable) Discharge terminates after 20 ms. Perturbation starts at t=0 at a very low level Amplitude of the mode is ≈ 1. 0 m. T; a. of the external perturbation is ≈ 0. 02 m. T ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Open loop RWM compensation Amplitude [a. u. ] n=6 ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
Summary -ITER will be built. -It will be built in Cadarache. -It will take about 10 years and cost about 5 billion Euro in investment. -During these 10 years the 2000 fusion professionals in Europe will 1) advise industry, 2) prepare for operation of ITER using existing devices and 3) continue to improve basic understanding (i. e. can DEMO be smaller? ). ALFVÉN LABORATORY - FUSION PLASMA PHYSICS FUSION ASSOCIATION EURATOM - VR Fusion research and the ITER experiument Physics Seminar James Drake 05 01 27
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