Alan Whitehead White Station High School Memphis Tn

Alan Whitehead White Station High School Memphis, Tn. APWorld 3@aol. com Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21 st Century World Civilizations 4 th ed. Chapter 33 1914 to Present

Latin America After World War II § End of World War II saw stronger economies § Cold War inspires Marxist revolutionary agitation § Despite Coup, Peronism remains popular

Mexico and the PRI § Stability of PRI undercut by corruption and lack of social improvement § In 1995, Zapatista guerilla movement § Government negotiates NAFTA § Vicente Fox of the PAN party is elected - promises to end corruption and improve working conditions

Vicente Fox

Zapatistas

Radical Options in the 1950 s § Radical unrest in several smaller countries § Mexico - increasingly conservative § Venezuela and Costa Rica - reform minded democrats in open elections § New post World War II revolutionaries look to Marxism as a guide § Government interest in order, not reform

Radical Options in the 1950 s § Cold War ideological battle between Soviet Bloc and the West makes Socialist path dangerous § Failures of political democratization, economic development, and social reform throughout Latin America § Economy based solely on export crops

Guatemala: Reform and United States Intervention § Middle-class/labor elected Arevalo starts “spiritual socialism”. Fights foreign interests (UFC) § United States fears communist takeover, organizes military takeover of Guatemala § U. S. -friendly government reverses change

The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean § Cuba has large middle class, high literacy and health care levels § Batista’s reforms marred by corruption § Castro meets Ernesto “Che” Guevera, gathers military forces, gains strength § “ 26 th July Movement” gains support § U. S. hostility, Soviet Union support, missile crisis, economic change fails

Fidel Castro

Ernesto “Che” Guevera

The Search for Reform and the Military Option § Programs based in Catholic, Marxist, and capitalist doctrines seek solutions § Liberation theology combines Catholic theology and socialist principles to seek social justice § Stress social equality as a form of personal salvation § Changing stance of church in Latin America provokes violence

Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power § Success of Cuban Revolution worried opponents of communist revolutionary change § Military forces had been involved in politics since caudillos in 19 th century § Professionalized military began to see themselves as above selfish interests of political parties

Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power § Military establishments intervene directly in politics, fearing leftist shift § 1964 - Brazilian military (with U. S. support) overthrows elected president who promised sweeping reforms § 1973 - Chilean military overthrows Allende’s socialist government § Soldiers in power establish economic stability; place nationalist interest first

Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power § Policies formulated and applied by military styled bureaucracy § Goal of government was development; burden falls heaviest on working class § Industrialization increased, social situations stagnant § Peruvian reform policies successful

The New Democratic Trends § By the mid-1980 s, government was returning to civilian politicians § Reduced threat of Cuban style communism § End of Cold War ends U. S. support for repressive anticommunist regimes § Shining Path, a leftist guerilla movement, interrupted Peruvian elections

The New Democratic Trends § A return of electoral democracy becomes widespread in Latin America § U. S. reaffirms its power in the region with capture of Noriega § Large foreign loans for development created huge debt, which caused inflation § Drug trade creates powerful cartels

Manuel Noriega

The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence § After World War I, U. S. was predominant power in the hemisphere § Economies of Latin American countries closely tied to the United States § Banana Republics - friendly dictatorships § Foreign interventions lead to growing nationalist reactions

The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence § Roosevelt introduces the Good Neighbor policy, promised to deal fairly § Cold War leads to changing U. S. strategy for Latin America § United States stemmed socialist spread by supporting democratic or anticommunist governments.

The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence § Alliance for Progress aimed to develop regions economically § 1970 -80’s: pragmatic U. S. policy § U. S. agreed to cede the Panama Canal to Panama

Societies in Search of Change § Social relations changed slowly, women granted more rights § Politicians and artists tried to identify and confront persistent problems § Social, racial, and gender relations changed slowly § Indians still looked down upon, but they are a recognized part of the Latin American culture

Slow Change in Women’s Roles § Most Latin American women gained suffrage in the 1940’s and 50’s § Latin American nations also feel the pressure of feminist organizations, as well as the international community § Greater equality for women by 1990 s.

The Movement of People § High fertility and low mortality rates in the latter half of the century caused a population boom in Latin America § Major trend was immigration to Latin § Urban migration plays a large role § Huge urban centers in Mexico City, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires

The Movement of People § Lack of jobs for the new onslaught of urbanization, shantytowns for housing § Horrible living conditions in favelas § Percentage of urban population is greatest of developing countries

Mexico City

Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope § Latin America remains amalgamation of cultures and peoples § Catholicism is still dominant § Struggle for social justice, economic security, and successful political formulas is an inspiration for artistic creativity

Global Connections: Struggling Toward the Future in a Global Economy § Latin America still searches and struggles for economic growth, social justice, and political stability § The world economy has allowed Latin America to grow economically