Alan M Turing Alan M Turing and Intelligent

Alan M. Turing “Alan M. Turing and Intelligent Machinery, a prelude to Artificial Intelligence” May 4, 2012 Version 2. 0; 05/04/2012 John M. Casarella Proceedings of Student/Faculty Research Day Ivan G. Seidenberg School of CSIS, Pace University

Introduction Alan M. Turing: Mathematician Computer Scientist Cryptographer The Enigma Human Being

Turing - On Computable Numbers… n n "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem" was published in 1936 Introduces the world to his “computing machine”, complete with paper tape, symbols, scanner (reader) and of course “instructions” (program to manage changes in state) Sample Program Table: State Scanned Square Operation Next State a blank P[0], R b b blank R c c blank P[1], R d d blank R a Top Contributions to Modern Computing: n The Idea of controlling the function of the computing machinery by storing a program of symbolically encoded instructions in the machines memory. n By demonstration, a single machine of fixed structure capable of completing all computations - the Universal Turing Machine.

Turing - Computing Machinery “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Mind) was published in 1950 n Within the paper, the famous question is asked: Can Machines Think? n Provides the basis for providing the answer n Christened the “Turing Test” at a point in the future n Much has been afforded the test and much has been placed on its significance n

The Turing Test n n n Critics ask if passing the test is sufficient or a necessary condition for machine intelligence Although widely accepted, limiting in determining if a machine is capable of intelligence Turing never claimed passing the is a necessary condition for intelligence In his papers, claims point of test was determine if a computer can “imitate a brain” Can it be passed at all? If “machine intelligence” no longer a oxymoron, then one of Turing’s predictions has come true

In the beginning… n n Turing was harboring thoughts of Machine Intelligence as early as 1941 Turing’s computing machines - model a child’s mind and then ‘educate’ it n n n Learning from experience Start with an initial state of the mind / computer Determine the education subjected to Experiences other than education Start with a simple machine, progress to one more elaborate A key concept - “teach” a network of artificial neurons to perform specific tasks, i. e. , the machine learns

Turing - Intelligent Machinery n n “Intelligent Machinery” (Unpublished report, 1948) Remained unpublished until 1968 (Well after Hebb and Rosenblatt) Introduces many of the concepts that were later to become central to AI, specifically to Neural Nets The envisioned picture of the cortex as an unorganized machine is satisfactory from the point of view of evolution and genetics

Turing and AI Foundations n n n n Computing machines built out of simple, neuron-like elements Elements randomly connected together into networks Consisted of artificial neurons and devices capable of modifying the connections between them Training process renders certain pathways as effective or ineffective Every neuron executes the same logical operation of “not and’ (NAND) The idea that an initially unorganized neural network can be organized by means of “interference training” this is significant Referred to as “unorganized machines” or “B-type unorganized machine” neural net

Turing’s Unorganized Machine Neurons Unorganized Machines

Turing’s Unorganized Machine Perceptron Model Unorganized Machines B - Node

The Perception of Intelligence n n n How do we perceive intelligence? What if a problem is presented to a mathematician or scientist to solve… What if a problem is presented to a computer to solve…

Turing’s Perceptions n n Turing (1946): there are indications however that it is possible to make the machine display intelligence at the risk of its making occasional serious mistakes Turing (1947): but the human mathematician would likewise make blunders when trying out new techniques…in other words, if a machine is expected to be infallible, it cannot also be intelligent. Intelligent humans, even highly regarded, intelligent humans are not infallible; they make errors, yet we do not consider them any less intelligent when they do, so why not apply the same standard or perception to computing machining when we attempt to determine machine intelligence.

And in the end… n n His personal expression to be “human” led to condemnation On 9/11/2009 the British Publicly Apologize and acknowledge Turing’s contribution to the War effort and for providing the foundation for modern computing

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