Airplane Structure The Fuselage Open Truss Stressed Skin

The Fuselage • Open Truss • Stressed Skin = Semi-Monocoque • Monocoque – Skin

Substructure of Semi-Monocoque • Formers • Stringers • Bulkheads © 2015 Coast Flight Training.

The Wing • Monoplanes & Biplanes • Wings made up of Ribs and Stringers

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wing Components © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Aspect Ratio • Wingspan / Mean Chord • Measure of how long and slender

Constant Chord Wing • Also known as “Hershey Bar” or Rectangular Wing • Found

Elliptical Wing • Almost rounded • Imagine an oval © 2015 Coast Flight Training.

Tapered Wing • Distance tapers from root to tip © 2015 Coast Flight Training.

Delta Wing • Triangle • Think of an Fighter Jets • (More of a

Canard • “Whiskers” • Front wing © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Sweptback Wing • Sweeps back throughout shape • All high altitude aircraft • 737

Wing Dihedral • Design for Stability • Adds to Lateral Stability (next lesson) •

Wing Anhedral • Design to Reduce Stability • Opposite of Dihedral • Will eventually

POH Section 7. 1 & 7. 3 • Low wing monoplane • Constructed of

NACA 652 -415 (Highlight and Write) • 6 Series: Laminar Flow • 5: Minimum

Types of Flaps • Used to slow the airplane down, but create more lift

Plain Flap • Extension of the wing • Trailing edge of wing moves up

Split Flap • Drops from the Wing • Underneath the trailing edge • Does

Slotted Flap • Extension of the wing • Opens a slot so air can

Fowler Flap • Drops from the wing and extends the length of the wing

Archer Flap • Plain Flap • Activated by a Johnson bar between seats •

Empenage • Tail section of the aircraft • Consists of: • • • Horizontal

Vertical Stabilizer • Acts as a similar to a keel on a sailboat •

Horizontal Stabilizer • Acts as a backwards wing • Counteracts the movement of Center

Elevator • Used to control pitch (up and down) • Newton’s third law •

Stabilator • Combination of horizontal stabilizer and elevator • Trims with an anti-servo tab

Trim Devices • Servo • Helps the pilot move the control surface • Decreases

Rudder • Helps coordinate flight through the air • Similar to drifting or sliding

Landing Gear • Principle support during park, taxi, takeoff, landing • Types: • Wheels

Brakes • Most single-engine tricycle aircraft have steerable nose wheels • 30 degrees either

Powerplant • Engine • • Primary function to turn propeller Generates electrical power Provides

Engine • Covered by cowling or nacelle • Helps to cool the engine by

Propellers • Composition • Alluminum • Wood • Composite • Fixed Pitch • Only

Archer Engine • 4 cylinder • Carbureted • Horizontally opposed • Air cooled •

Archer Propeller • 76 inch • Seinsenich • Aluminum Alloy • 2 bladed ©

Aircraft Documents • Airworthiness Certificate – Never expires • Registration – Every 3 years

AVIATES • Airworthiness Directives • VOR Check • Inspections to include: • 100 hour

Airworthiness Directives • 2 types • One-time • Recurring • Routine and Emergency •

VOR Check • Must be completed every 30 calendar days • Only required for

Types of VOR Checks • VOT • Airborne VOR checkpoint • Ground VOR checkpoint

Inspections – 91. 409 • Annual • Completed by an IA • Every 12

Altimeter • Test to ensure that it reads correctly • IFR purposes only •

Transponder • When Needed: • • Mode C Veil Above 10, 000 feet (excluding

ELT • Two inspections: • General Inspection • Battery Inspection • Date • More

Static System • Required Inspection only for IFR purposes • 24 calendar months •

Preventive Maintenance • Completed by a PPL or Greater • Must be entered in

Return to Service – Maintenance Entry • Must place in the Maintenance Records: •

Return to Service – Flight Test • All aircraft after maintenance must be flown

After Maintenance • Always complete a more-thorough pre-flight inspection after any maintenance has been

In Class Exercise • Find the Maintenance Entries © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All

References • FAR part 91 • FAR part 43 • Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical

Slides: 56

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Airplane Structure

Aspect Ratio • Wingspan / Mean Chord • Measure of how long and slender the wing appears from below • Aerodynamic Efficiency in the High Aspect Ratio Wing Low Aspect Ratio Moderate Aspect Ratio © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. High Aspect Ratio

Constant Chord Wing • Also known as “Hershey Bar” or Rectangular Wing • Found on old Piper Cadets / Cherokees • Same distance from leading edge to trailing edge throughout © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wing Dihedral • Design for Stability • Adds to Lateral Stability (next lesson) • Gives a shallow V shape • Will explain more when we talk about aerodynamics © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Wing Anhedral • Design to Reduce Stability • Opposite of Dihedral • Will eventually stress as the wing creates lift • Will explain more when we talk about aerodynamics © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

POH Section 7. 1 & 7. 3 • Low wing monoplane • Constructed of Aluminum Alloy (wingtips fiberglass / thermoplastic) • Four-Place Seating • Semi-Tapered Wings • Continuous Main Spar © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

NACA 652 -415 (Highlight and Write) • 6 Series: Laminar Flow • 5: Minimum Pressure located 5/10 ths of chord aft of leading edge • 2: Range of low drag is. 2 above and below design lift coefficient • 4: Design lift coefficient • 15: Maximum thickness = 15% of chord length © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Flaps • Used to slow the airplane down, but create more lift at the same time • 5 types: • • • Plain Flap Split Flap Slotted Flap Fowler Flap Slotted Fowler © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Archer Flap • Plain Flap • Activated by a Johnson bar between seats • 3 positions: • 10 degrees • 25 degrees • 40 degrees • Do NOT step when in down position • Always call “Flaps coming down” © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Trim Devices • Servo • Helps the pilot move the control surface • Decreases pilot force, destabilizes aircraft • Anti-servo – Same Direction • Resists the pilots inputs to move the control surface • Increases pilot force, stabilizes aircraft • Rudder Trim • Moving a drum between the rudders © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Landing Gear • Principle support during park, taxi, takeoff, landing • Types: • Wheels • Conventional (Tailwheel) • Tricycle (nosewheel) – Steerable! • Floats • Skis © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Brakes • Most single-engine tricycle aircraft have steerable nose wheels • 30 degrees either side of center line (POH 7. 7) • Also differential braking in the main gear • Hydraulically controlled • Activate by toe of the pedal © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Powerplant • Engine • • Primary function to turn propeller Generates electrical power Provides vacuum source for some flight instuments May provide heat in cold temp situation • Propeller • General means of thrust © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Aircraft Documents • Airworthiness Certificate – Never expires • Registration – Every 3 years • Radio Station License – Issued by FCC (only international) • Operating Limitations – Also known as the POH or AFM • Weight and Balance – The official Weight and Balance in the AFM • Equipment List – Special Aircraft have: • Minimum Equipment List • Kinds of Operation Equipment List © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Maintenance Requirements

Airworthiness Directives • 2 types • One-time • Recurring • Routine and Emergency • Mandatory document from FAA that MUST be complied with • Similar to a recall notice • Keep record of compliance © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Inspections – 91. 409 • Annual • Completed by an IA • Every 12 calendar months • One log for each component: Airframe, Powerplant and Propeller • 100 hour • • Required if aircraft is for hire Completed by an A&P Can be overflown by 10 % Exact same inspection as Annual © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Altimeter • Test to ensure that it reads correctly • IFR purposes only • Recommended for VFR • Completed by a Certified Repair Station • Completed every 24 calendar months © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Transponder • When Needed: • • Mode C Veil Above 10, 000 feet (excluding 2, 500 AGL) Lateral boundaries of Bravo Lateral boundaries of Charlie • Completed every 24 calendar months • Completed by a Certified Repair Station © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

ELT • Two inspections: • General Inspection • Battery Inspection • Date • More than 1 cumulative hour • 50% of useful life • Inspection normally completed by an IA or A&P • Completed every 12 calendar months • Can be tested 5 minutes after the hour © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Preventive Maintenance • Completed by a PPL or Greater • Must be entered in maintenance records • Limited work, provided it does not involve complex assembly operation • See FAR 43 Appendix A Subpart (c) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Return to Service – Maintenance Entry • Must place in the Maintenance Records: • Description of work performed • Date work was completed • Signature, Certificate Number, Type of Cert © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Return to Service – Flight Test • All aircraft after maintenance must be flown by at least a private pilot before the carriage of passengers • Only required after major repair or alteration © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.