Air Pollution Sources and impacts Air Pollution Sources

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Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Air Pollution Sources and Impacts VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Air Pollution Sources and Impacts VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Content § Historical Background § Sulphur oxides § Nitrogen

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Content § Historical Background § Sulphur oxides § Nitrogen oxides § Particulate matter § Ozone depleting substances § MARPOL Annex VI: An overview VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Activities Pollutants Transport Immediate effects PM concentration Impacts Human

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Activities Pollutants Transport Immediate effects PM concentration Impacts Human health Power Production Acidic deposits Environment Εutrophication Materials deterioration Residences Agriculture Industry VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011 Ozone concentration Agricultural cultivation

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Historical Background § Prior to the industrial revolution «Αs

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Historical Background § Prior to the industrial revolution «Αs I was moving far away from the asphyxiating air of Rome and the soot of stacks dispersing poisonous gases around, I felt my mood changing» Senekas, 61 A. C. § After the industrial revolution (Engraving showing a foundry in Saar, Germany, 1876) VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Historical Background Athens, Greece Las Vegas, USA VOLUNTARY TRAINING

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Historical Background Athens, Greece Las Vegas, USA VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) • Properties: Gas, colorless and odorless

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) • Properties: Gas, colorless and odorless in low concentrations, but with irritating odor in high concentrations • Sources: Power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, paper industry, ships’ main and auxiliary engines • Sulphur content in crude oil and fuel oils a) Safety (installation and piping corrosion, poison potential) b) Operation (fluidized beds of catalysts may be contaminated from the presence of sulphur compounds) c) Environment (SOx emissions) VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Impacts to human health • Short

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Impacts to human health • Short term exposure in high concentrations, might cause bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms. • Long term exposure might cause serious respiratory problems and deteriorate existing cardiovascular illnesses London, 1952 4. 000 people were fatally exposed to high SOx and smoke concentrations in London (1952) VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Environmental impacts Acid rain • In

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Environmental impacts Acid rain • In the 70 s, more than 18, 000 lakes in Sweden were found with acidity exceeding the natural limits, and in half of them fish populations had dramatically reduced • The same phenomenon occurred in about 3. 000 lakes in US • The transformation of the waters of a lake to acidic does not take place instantaneously but rather in a period of many years or decades. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011 A forest in Jizera, Czech Republic

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Acid rain formation mechanism • H

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Acid rain formation mechanism • H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 are formed as a result of the reaction between the water and sulphur as well as nitrogen oxides with the sun radiation and oxygen as catalysts • Normal rain is slightly acidic (p. H 5, 5) due to CO 2 dissolution and H 2 CO 3 formation • Most lakes have a p. H ranging from 6 to 8. Values as low as 4. 3 have been reported in several lakes facing acid rain problems VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Impacts of acid rain • Destruction

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Impacts of acid rain • Destruction of sensitive soils, trees and vegetation of forests in high altitudes • Deterioration of materials and paints. Irreversible failures to buildings and monuments that constitute elements of cultural heritage • Impacts to water dependent ecosystems Forest areas (%) in Europe receiving acid rain VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx) NOx formation in ship’s engines •

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx) NOx formation in ship’s engines • Very complex mechanism of formation, hundreds of chemical reactions occur • Main source of nitrogen is air combustion • Higher temperatures in cylinders lead to increase NOx emissions • 95% is ΝΟ and about 5% NO 2 VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx) • Impacts to human health They

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx) • Impacts to human health They react with hemoglobin producing inert compounds including methemoglobin hampering the oxygenation of tissues causing tachycardia, high blood pressure, and arrhythmia > 15 μg/m 3, irritation of the eyes > 25 μg/m 3 dyspnea, asthma crisis > 150 – 200 μg/m 3 pulmonary edema VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx) Secondary ozone formation ΝΟx + VOCs

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen Oxides (ΝΟx) Secondary ozone formation ΝΟx + VOCs + sun radiation Ο 3 + Photochemical pollution Photochemical smog occurs in sunny periods with high temperatures, low moisture and relatively high levels of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Particulate matter (PM) Particles produced during combustion or as

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Particulate matter (PM) Particles produced during combustion or as secondary products in the atmosphere, that might shift for very long periods far from their point of source. Human hair (70 μm diameter) VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011 PM 10 PM 2. 5 (10 μm) (2, 5 μm)

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Particulate matter (PM) • Their chemical composition depends on

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Particulate matter (PM) • Their chemical composition depends on fuel quality. They invariably consist of soot, hydrocarbons, ash, metals (vanadium, nickel, zinc), sulphur and nitrate compounds • The smaller the size of the particles, the deeper penetrate into the human respiratory system. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Particulate matter (PM) • Ash significantly reduced for low

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Particulate matter (PM) • Ash significantly reduced for low sulphur fuel oils (< 1% m/m). • Soot and sulfates are directly depended on the sulfur content. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) • Lifetime of gases in

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) • Lifetime of gases in atmosphere from several years (HCFCs) until a century (Freon 12). • The ozone layer is going to be back to the level it was before 1980 until 2050. • If ozone was compressed in normal conditions of temperature and pressure, it would have been less than 5 mm thick. • In September 2007, the extent of ozone hole was 24 million km 2 (almost as North America), 18% smaller in relation to 2006. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ships’ engines emissions Exhaust gases Air (> 99, 7%)

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ships’ engines emissions Exhaust gases Air (> 99, 7%) 8. 5 kgr/KWh 75, 8% Ν 2 79% Ν 2 13, 0% Ο 2 21% Ο 2 5, 2% CO 2 Fuel Oil 5, 3% H 2 O 180 gr/KWh (3, 6% S) Lube Oil 1 gr/KWh 97. 5% HC 2% Ca 0, 5% S VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011 Air pollutants (< 0, 3%) ΝΟx 0, 17% (1500 ppm) SOx 0, 15% (800 ppm) HC 0, 02% (180 ppm) CO 0, 07% (80 ppm)

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts An overview to MARPOL, Annex VI ΜΑRPOL 73/78 Annex

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts An overview to MARPOL, Annex VI ΜΑRPOL 73/78 Annex ΙΙ Annex III Annex IV Annex V Oil Noxious Bulk Liquid Substances Packaged Harmful Substances Sewage Garbage IBC Code IMDG Code VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011 Annex VI Air Emissions NOx Technical Code

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures Μaximum sulphur content (%

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures Μaximum sulphur content (% m/m) • 4, 5% before 1 January 2012 • 3, 5% after 1 January 2012 • 0, 5% after 1 January 2020 VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures Maximum sulfur content in

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures Maximum sulfur content in (S) ECA (North Sea, Baltic Sea, North American) - 1. 0% until 31 December 2014 - 0. 1% after 1 January 2015 VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures Bunker Delivery Note (ΒDN)

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures Bunker Delivery Note (ΒDN) • Retention for at least 3 years • Must contain information: ü ü ü ü ü Name - Ship ΙΜΟ number Bunkering port Date of bunkering Supplier’s contacts Name of product Quantity (in metric tones) Density at 15° C Sulphur content (% per weight) Supplier’s statement about the sulfur content in fuel, that do not contain inorganic acids and other substances which might put at risk the safety of the ship. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures – Treatment systems VOLUNTARY

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Sulphur oxides (SOx) Prevention Measures – Treatment systems VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures Tier 3 Engines fitted

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures Tier 3 Engines fitted in ships constructed after 1 January 2016 and operate within an Emission Control Area (N) (ΕCA). Emissions must not exceed the following values: • 3, 44 g/k. Wh with n < 130 rpm • 9, 0 x n -0, 2 g/k. Wh 130 ≤ n < 2000 rpm • 2, 0 g/k. Wh n ≥ 2000 rpm If the ship operates outside ECA then the requirements emissions of Tier II are applicable. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures NOx emissions by engines

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures NOx emissions by engines of ships constructed from 1/1/1990 – 1/1/2020 Every engine above 5. 000 k. W, and of displacement per cylinder equal to or greater than 90 liters, must comply to Tier I, under the condition that an Approved Method for this engine has been certified by the Administration of a member state. 1. Its implementation must not cause power reduction above 1. 0%, and increase of specific fuel consumption above 2. 0%. 2. No effect to the reliability or life cycle of the engine and the implementation cost should not be excessive. VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures NOx Technical Code Every

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Prevention measures NOx Technical Code Every engine must: – be pre-certified (manufacturer – Class) – Technical File – Installation as approved – Initial Inspection – Annual inspections VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Emissions reduction methods Fuels treatment Engine

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx) Emissions reduction methods Fuels treatment Engine Technologies Fuel Quality VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Firefighting systems Ηalon 1211 Halon

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Firefighting systems Ηalon 1211 Halon 1301 Halon 2402 Air conditioning – Cooling systems CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC – 113 CFC – 114, CFC- 115 VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Prevention measures • Refrigerants Management

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Prevention measures • Refrigerants Management Plan • Record Book • Periodical control of leaks • Use of ODS of low warming potential (greenhouse gases) VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Thank you for your attention! Questions VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM

Air Pollution: Sources and impacts Thank you for your attention! Questions VOLUNTARY TRAINING PROGRAM 2011