Air Pollution Sources and Effects Dr Wesam Al

Air Pollution Sources and Effects Dr. Wesam Al Madhoun

What is air pollution? 00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • The presence of any substances in the atmosphere in quantities which are or may A. ) be Response harmful. Aor injurious to human health, B. ) welfare, Response B animal or plant life, or property or C. ) unreasonably Response C interfere with the enjoyment D. ) of Response D life or property. E. ) Response E 2

Outdoor Air Pollution

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants • i. Respond Question Master Primary- put directly into air from polluting source. • Secondary- when primary combines other A. ) Response Awith substances in air and creates B. ) Response B hazardous something more (acid rain, smog) C. ) Response C • Sun often provides energy. D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% Major Sources of Primary Pollutants i. Respond Question Master Stationary Sources • Combustion of fuels for power and heat. • Other burning such as wood & crop burning or forest fires • Industrial/ commercial processes A. ) Response A • Solvents and aerosols B. ) Response B C. ) Response C Mobile Sources • Highway: cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles D. ) Response D • Off-highway: aircraft, boats, farm equipment, and E. ) Response E construction machinery.

00: 30 Natural Sources Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Forest fires- ash, particulates, carbon dioxide • Volcanoes- ash, acid mist, hydrogen sulfide A. ) • Response A Decaying vegetationsulfur cmpds B. ) Response B • Trees - Volatile Organic Cmpds (VOC’s) C. ) Response C • Dust- from storms in arid regions D. ) Response D • Gut bacteria- methane gas E. ) Response E

Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution

00: 30 Criteria Air Pollutants Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master EPA uses seven "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality 1. Sulfur Dioxide: SO 2 2. Nitrogen Dioxide: NO 2 A. ) Response A 3. Carbon monoxide: CO B. ) Response 4. Lead: Pb. B 5. Particulate C. ) Response CMatter: PM 10 (PM 2. 5) 6. Volatile Organic Compounds: (VOCs) D. ) Response D 7. Ozone: ground level O 3 E. ) Response E

00: 30 Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Effects: produces acid rain (H 2 SO 4), breathing difficulties, eutrophication due to sulfate formation. • Sources: burning high sulfur coal or oil in power plants, smelting or metals, paper manufacture. A. ) Response A Response B ppm (annual mean) • B. ) EPA Standard: 0. 3 C. ) Response C • 2 nd largest cause of air pollution-related health damage. (1 st is D. ) Response D smoking). E. ) Response E • Sulfate particles reduce visibility in the U. S. as much as 80%

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C Sulfur D. ) Response D Dioxide Emissions E. ) Response E

00: 30 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 Percent ) Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Effects: acid rain, lung and heart problems, decreased visibility (yellow haze), suppresses plant growth • Sources: fossil fuels combustion, power plants, forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil, fertilizers A. ) Response A • EPA Standard: B 0. 053 ppm B. ) Response C • Excess nitrogen is causing fertilization eutrophication of inland waters & seas D. ) Response D E. ) Response E &

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% Mobile Source Emissions: Nitrogen Oxides i. Respond Question Master A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Effects: binds tighter to Hemoglobin (Hb) than O 2, so organs do not get O 2 needed, makes you sleepy, impairs mental functions and visual acuity, even at low levels A. ) Response A • Sources: incomplete combustion of fossil fuels 60 - 95% from auto exhaust B. ) Response B • EPA Standard: 9 Cppm C. ) Response D. ) D atmosphere/year • 1 Response billion tons enter E. ) Response E

00: 30 Mobile Source Emissions – CO Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

Lead (Pb) 00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Effects: accumulates in tissue; affects kidneys, liver and nervous system (children most susceptible); mental retardation; possible carcinogen; 20% of inner city kids have high levels A. ) Response A • Sources: particulates from fuel combustion, smelters, batteries B. ) Response B 3 • C. ) EPA Standard: 1. 5 ug/m Response C • Mercuryneurotoxin D. ) Response D from coal power plants E. ) Response • Both mercury &Elead aquatic travel on air currents and fall into ecosystems causing bioaccumulation & bio-

Suspended Particulate Matter (PM ) 100% Percent 10 Complete 00: 30 • Effects: lung damage, carcinogenic. i. Respond Question Master • Sources: burning coal or diesel, volcanoes, factories, unpaved roads, plowing, lint, pollen, spores, burning fields A. ) Response A 3 (annual mean) • B. ) EPA Standard: 50 ug/m Response B C. ) C • PMResponse 2. 5 is worse because small enough to be inhaled more deeply D. ) Response D • Asbestos fibers & E. ) Response E cigarette smoke are most dangerous respirable particles because they are carcinogenic

00: 30 Mobile Source Emissions: Fine. Percent Complete 100% Particulate Matter (PM 2. 5) i. Respond Question Master A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) Percent Complete 100% 00: 30 i. Respond Question Master • Effects: eye and respiratory irritants; carcinogenic; liver, CNS, or kidney damage; damages plants; lowered visibility due to brown haze; global warming A. ) Response A • Sources: vehicles B. ) Response B(largest source), evaporation of solvents or fossil fuels, aerosols, paint thinners, dry cleaning, wetlands, C. ) Response C rice paddies, bacteria, plants. D. ) Response D E. ) Response E • Concentrations indoors up to 1000 x outdoors

00: 30 • Ozone (O 3) Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master Effects: lung irritant, damages plants, rubber, fabric, eyes • Sources: Created by sunlight acting on NOx and VOC , A. ) Response A photocopiers, cars, industry, gas vapors, chemical solvents, B. )incomplete Response fuel. B combustion products C. ) Response C • Good ozone vs. D bad ozone- good is in stratosphere and bad D. ) Response is at ground level (from cars) E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Other Air Pollutants Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master Carbon dioxide- natural source from respiration; human caused from fossil fuels & deforestation Chloro. Fluoro. Carbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants, aerosols, Styrofoam A. ) Response A Formaldehydebuilding materials & household products B. ) Response Benzenepaint B Asbestoscar brakes, C. ) Response C building materials Dioxinspesticides D. ) Response D Cadmiumbatteries. E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% Formation & Intensity of Pollutant is influenced by… i. Respond Question Master Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, humidity) Topography (hills and mountains) Population density Amount of industry A. ) Response A Fuels used by population and industry for heating, B. )manufacturing, Responsetransportation, B power Weather: rain, snow, C. ) Response C wind Buildings (slow wind speed) D. ) Response D Mass transit used E. ) Response E

Thermal Inversion 00: 30 Percent Complete 100% - occur in valleys -pollutant effects are intensified when air cannot i. Respond move upward due to. Question cold upper air Master layer cool air Pollutants cool air A. ) Response A B. ) Response B warm air (inversion layer) warm air C. ) Response C D. ) Response D • surface heated by sun • warm air rises (incl. pollutants) • cools off, mixes with air of equal density & disperses E. ) Response E • surface cools rapidly (night) • a layer of warm air overlays surface • polluted surface air rises but cannot disperse remains trapped

00: 30 Smog Forms Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master. . . when polluted air is stagnant (weather conditions, geographic location) A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 • Urban Heat Islands Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master Cities are generally 3 -5ºC warmer than rural areas • Caused by: A A. ) Response – Lack of vegetation to absorb heat B. ) Response B – Dark buildings & roads trap heat C. ) –Response C Buildings create windbreaks D. ) Response D • Dust Dome- trapping of dirt & particulates over E. )city Response E

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

00: 30 Percent Complete What are some sources of indoor air 100% pollution? i. Respond Question Master 1. Cigarette smoke – Deadliest indoor air pollutant – Contain formaldehyde, carbon monoxide A. ) Response A B. )–Response Causes lung. Bcancer. C. ) Response C – Second hand smoke may be worse due to particulates that D. ) Response D come from tip. E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% 2. Mold i. Respond Question Master – Moisture in carpets A. ) Response – Allergy A symptoms, breathing. B B. ) Response problems, headache, fatigue C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% 3. Carbon monoxide – i. Respond Question Master Malfunctioning furnace, gas appliances, cars – Blood cannot A. ) Response A oxygen B. ) Response B carry – Feel sleepy, nausea, dizzy, cause C death. C. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% 5. Asbestos – i. Respond Question Master Roofing, flooring, insulation, brakes – OK… unless disturbed A. ) Response A or deteriorates B. ) Response B – Can cause asbestosis (scarring of lungs) and C. ) Response C meso-thelioma (type of lung cancer)D D. ) Response E Plaque build up (scarring) in lung w/asbestosis

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% 6. Lead i. Respond Question Master – Old homes, toys, lead crystal dishes A. ) Response A Causes behavior B. )–Response B & learning problems, slow C. ) Response C growth, hearing D. ) Response D problems, headaches E. ) Response E

00: 30 7. i. Respond Question Master Formaldehyde – Pressed wood, paneling, particle board, glue. A. ) Response A Respiratory. B B. ) –Response C. ) Percent Complete 100% irritation, fatigue, skin rash, known to cause cancer Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% 8. VOC’s – Paradichlorobenzenemothballs, insecticides i. Respond Question Master – (perchloroethylene))- dry cleaned clothes A. )– Response A Benzenecigarettes paints, B. ) Response B Causes respiratory C. )– Response C problems, headaches, D. ) loss of coordination, Response D damage, nausea, organ cancer E. ) Response E

Effects of Air Pollution on… 1. Human Health 2. Plant Health 3. Acid Deposition

00: 30 • 1. Human Health Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master Depends on intensity & duration of exposure, age & prior health status. At-risk groups: A. ) • Response A young, old, or already suffering from respiratory/cardiovascular disease. B. ) Response B • Response Also, more active & outside vs. sedentary inside C. ) C lifestyle. D. ) Response D Most susceptibleless-developed countries use E. ) • Response E smoky fires for cooking & heating

00: 30 Exposure Percent Complete 100% Question • Time i. Respond spent in various environments. Master in US and lessdeveloped countries A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

How is it introduced to body? Percent Complete 100% 00: 30 • i. Respond Question Master Inhalation • Absorption thru skin A. ) Response A • Contamination of food & B. ) Response B water C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

How does air pollution affect people? 00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Chronic bronchitis- coughing, trouble breathing • Asthma- not caused by air pollution, but aggravated by it. A. ) Response A • Emphysema. B. ) Response B lungs elasticity, hard to breathe C. ) Response C lose • Lung Cancer- caused by exhaust, D. )cigarettes, Response car D particulates, asbestos, arsenic, E. )radon Response E

00: 30 § Sick building syndrome– Buildings closed up to save energy- no circulation Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master – Effects of fumes intensified – Symptoms: headache, eye or throat irritation, cough, itchy skin, A dizziness, A. ) Response nausea, fatigue B. ) Response B – Feel better when you get fresh air outside. C. ) Response C ≥ 20% of workers D. )–Response D must be afflicted to be classified as SBS E. ) Response E

00: 30 2. Plant Health • Two Methods of Damage – Directly toxic • Irritate cell membranes Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master – Disruption of plant hormones A. ) Response A • Synergistic effects B. ) Response B (when combined two are worse than each individually) C. )unpredictable Response C D. ) D • Air. Response pollutant effects on plants are sometimes confused with insect E. )damage Response Ediseases. or other

3. Acid Deposition

00: 30 Measuring Acid Rain Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master Normal rain is slightly acidic and has a p. H of A. )about Response 5. 0 -5. 6 A B. ) Response B Any rainfall with a p. H C. ) Response C value less than 5. 0 is D. )defined Response as acid D rain E. ) Response E

Two Forms… • Wet Refers to acid rain, fog, sleet, cloud vapor and snow. • Dry Refers to acidic gases and particles.

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% Increased Acidity i. Respond Question Master • Dry deposited gases and particles can also be washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. A. ) Response A • The runoff Bwater adds those acids to the B. ) Response acid rain, making the combination more C. ) Response C acidic than the falling rain alone. D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Compounds Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Master Two main contributors. Question to acid deposition: Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) – NO- nitric oxide (or nitrogen monoxide) A. ) –Response NO 2 - nitrogen. Adioxide – N 2 O- nitrous oxide B. ) Response B 66% of all sulfur dioxides and 25% of all oxides comes from coal or oil electric C. )nitrogen Response C power plants. D. ) Response Most nitrogen. Doxides come from cars E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master A. ) Response A B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Effects of Acid Rain Percent Complete 100% Question Master • Thei. Respond strength of the effects depend on many factors – How acidic the water is A. ) Response – The types. A of fish, trees, and other living things that rely on the water B. ) Response B – The chemistry C. ) Response C and buffering capacity of the soils involved D. ) Response D E. ) • limestone & basalt have high buffering capacity Response • have high. EANC (Acid Neutralizing Capacity)

00: 30 Effects of Acid Rain Percent Complete 100% Hasi. Respond a variety of effects, including damage to Question Master forests and soils, fish and other living things, materials, and human health. Also reduces how far and how clearly we can see the air, A. )through Response A an effect called visibility reduction. Effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in the B. )aquatic Response B environments C. ) Response C streams have a p. H between 6 Most lakes and 8 D. ) Response D E. ) Response E http: //cica. indiana. edu/projects/Biology/movies. html

00: 30 Buffering Capacity Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Master • Acid rain primarily. Question affects sensitive bodies of water, which are located in watersheds whose soils have a limited “buffering capacity” (places that have granite bedrock or soil for example) A. ) Response A B. ) Response B • Lakes and streams become acidic when the water itself and its surrounding soil cannot C. ) buffer Response C rain enough to neutralize it. the acid D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% • In areas where buffering capacity is low, acid rain also releases aluminum from soils into lakes and streams • i. Respond Question Master aluminum is highly toxic to many species of aquatic organisms. – Can attach to fish gills causing suffocation A. ) –Response Can release A from soil particles & enter solutions taken up by plants causing death B. ) Response B C. ) Response C D. ) Response D E. ) Response E

00: 30 Percent Complete 100% Acid Rain and Forests • i. Respond Question Master Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. • Instead, it is. Amore likely to A. ) Response B – weaken trees by damaging their leaves limit the nutrients available to them C. ) –Response C D. ) Response D – expose them to toxic substances slowly released from E. ) Response E the soil.

Effects on Plant Nutrients 00: 30 • Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master Acidic water dissolves the nutrients and helpful minerals in the soil and then washes them away before trees and A. ) Response A other plants can use them to grow. B. ) Response B Response C the • C. ) Acid rain also causes release of substances D. ) D and that. Response are toxic to trees plants, such as aluminum, E. ) E into. Response the soil.

Effects on Property 00: 30 Percent Complete 100% i. Respond Question Master • Many statues, monuments, etc. made from limestone (Ca. CO 3), marble or metal • Acid rain can dissolve rock or A. ) Response A tarnish metal B. ) Response B • Expensive to refurbish, maintain restore, C. ) Response C • Car manufacturers D. ) Response D now use acid-resistant paint at a cost $5. 00 per new. Evehicle E. )of. Response