Aim Were there more changes or continuities between

Aim: Were there more changes or continuities between 1450 – 1750? Date Event 1453 Fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans 1492 Reconquista of Iberia 1494 Sailing of Columbus’s first cross-Atlantic trip 1517 1526 1532 1588 1609 Beginning of Protestant Reformation Beginning of Spanish conquest of Mexico Beginning of Mughal Dynasty in India Defeat of the Spanish Armada Beginning of Tokugawa Shogunate 1633 Galileo was convicted 1644 Beginning of Manchu Dynasty 1751 1 st Volume of Diderot’s Encyclopédie was published

Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750 Key Concept 4. 1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange The interconnection of the Eastern and Western hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging marked a key transformation of his period. Technological innovations helped to make transoceanic connections possible. Changing patterns of long-distance trade included the global circulation of some commodities and the formation of new regional markets and financial centers. Increased transregional and global trade networks facilitated the spread of religion and other elements of culture as well as the migration of large numbers of people. Germs carried to the Americas ravaged the indigenous peoples, while the global exchange of crops and animals altered agriculture, diets, and populations around the planet. I. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia. II. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns — all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

Example of New Tools and Ships Portolan maps and Caravel Ships were used by the Portuguese and Spanish explorers in the 15 th and 16 th centuries. Portolan maps had lines radiating out from compass points.

Key Concept 4. 1. III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred in this period. A. Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced Chinese prestige. B. Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. C. Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. D. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia. E. In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange and communication networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean. IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro. Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.

Key Concept 4. 1. A. European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region. B. Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas. C. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade. D. The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples. V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange. A. European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases; including smallpox, measles, and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations. B. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period.

American Crop: Maize “ 10, 000 years ago, ancient farmers in what is now Mexico took the first steps in domesticating maize when they simply chose which kernels to plant. . . ” http: //learn. genetics. utah. edu/content/selection/corn/ Cash Crop: Sugar! “The Spanish and Portuguese first began sugar cultivation on plantations on the Atlantic islands – the Canaries, Cape Verde… On those islands, close to the African coast, they also began to use African slaves. . . Columbus carried sugar cane on his 2 nd transatlantic voyage in 1493. Within a decade, it was being cultivated in Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). From there, the Spanish developed sugar plantations in Jamaica and Puerto Rico. But sugar plantations really took off in Brazil under the Portuguese and Dutch. . . Two decades later, Brazil was producing 2, 500 tons of sugar a year. ” http: //www. understandingslavery. com/

Cash Crop: Sugar! Continued…

Domesticated Animal: Cattle The Europeans who first settled in America at the end of the 15 th century had brought longhorn cattle with them. By the early 19 th century cattle ranches were common in Mexico. At that time Mexico included what was to become Texas. The longhorn cattle were kept on an open range, looked after by cowboys called vaqueros. In 1836, Texas became independent, the Mexicans left, leaving their cattle behind. Texan farmers claimed the cattle and set up their own ranches… http: //www. historyonthenet. com/American_West/cattle_industry. htm

Food Brought by African Slaves: Rice fields, St. John USVI A rice variety that made many a colonial plantation owner rich was brought to the US from West Africa, according to preliminary genetic research. The finding suggests that African slaves are responsible for nearly every facet of one of the first rice varieties grown in the U. S. , as well as one of the most lucrative crops in early American history. . . http: //news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2007/11/071128 -rice-origins. html

Key Concept 4. 1. C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. E. European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion. VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. A. As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices. The split between the Sunni and Shi’a traditions of Islam intensified. B. Christianity continued to spread and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation. C. Buddhism spread within Asia. D. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed. EXAMPLES: Sikhism, Neo-Confucianism VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased. A. Innovations in visual and performing arts were seen all over the world. Renaissance art, Renaissance literature (Shakespeare…) B. Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia.

Key Concept 4. 2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agricultural production throughout this period, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, social structures, & environmental processes. A surge in agricultural productivity resulted from new methods in crop rotation, & the intro of new crops. Economic growth also depended on new forms of manufacturing and long-distance trade. Political and economic centers within regions shifted, and merchants’ social status tended to rise in various states. Demographic growth — even in areas such as the Americas, where disease had ravaged the population — was restored by the 18 th century and surged in many regions globally with the introduction of American food crops. The Columbian Exchange led to new ways of humans interacting with their environments. New forms of slavery and semicoerced labor emerged in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, and affected ethnic and racial classifications and gender roles. I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions.

Frontier Peasant Settlements in Siberia “Both [The American West and Russia's Far East] were immense, sparsely populated regions that tempted the adventurous and restless. In the 19 th century, the US enticed settlers to its western territories via the Homestead Act. The Czars similarly offered Russian peasants the inducement of free land on the Siberian frontier. . . Both Siberia and the American West were first explored by "mountain men" fur traders. . . Until merchant-adventurers began shipping back Siberian pelts, Russia was a poor nation on the fringe of European affairs. But in the 17 th century, a fur hat was the mark of a European gentleman. . . When they'd exhausted Siberia's animal stock, Russian fur traders hopped across the narrow straits separating Asia from North America… Only when they'd finished exploiting Alaska's fur-trading possibilities did the Czars sell off their North American territories to the United States… Siberia was also Russia's Australia, a remote colony to which criminals and troublemakers could be exiled. Virtually all the players-to-be in the Bolshevik Revolution served an exiled apprenticeship in Siberia. Lenin and his wife (and co-conspirator) were married in Siberia. With brutal irony, once they came to power, the Bolsheviks used Siberia as a place to warehouse their opponents on a scale that dwarfed the earlier Czarist prisons… http: //articles. baltimoresun. com/1994 -02 01/features/1994032183_1_siberia-golden-fleece-fur

Frontier Peasant Settlements in Siberia

Chattel Slavery Chattel is movable property. A slave is a person without freedom, who is treated as property. As a result of the European Age of Exploration, West Africans were transported as chattel slaves to the Americas. Their journey (if they survived) was called the Middle Passage. They played an integral part of Triangular Trade. Muslim Arabs bought and sold chattel slaves in Eastern Africa and Southeast Asia.

Manchu Dynasty and their “Elite”

The Creation of Mulattoes and Mestizos

Key Concept 4. 2 B. Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. C. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas. D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor. II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial, and gender hierarchies. A. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites. B. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. C. Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades. D. The massive demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications (such as those in the Encomienda System)

Key Concept 4. 3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion Empires expanded and conquered new peoples around the world, but they often had difficulties incorporating culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse subjects, and administrating widely dispersed territories. Agents of the European powers moved into existing trade networks around the world. In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean, nascent European empires consisted mainly of interconnected trading posts and enclaves. In the Americas, European empires moved more quickly to settlement and territorial control, responding to local demographic and commercial conditions. Moreover, the creation of European empires in the Americas led to a new Atlantic trade system that included the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Around the world, empires and states of varying sizes pursued strategies of centralization, including more efficient taxation systems that placed strains on peasant producers, sometimes prompting local rebellions. Rulers used public displays of art and architecture to legitimize state power. African states shared certain characteristics with larger Eurasian empires. Changes in African and global trading patterns strengthened some West and Central African states; especially on the coast; this led to the rise of new states and contributed to the decline of states on both the coast and in the interior. I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. A. Rulers used the arts to display political power and to legitimize their rule. B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule; i. e. Aztec human sacrifice. Ouch!

Art as a Display of Political Power Louis XIV “The Sun King” 1638 – 1715

Key Concept 4. 3 C. States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state. D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources. Examples: The Chinese Civil Service Exam allowed for a meritocracy and a class of middle and upper-class bureaucrats, and Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire E. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion. II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. A. Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa. B. Land empires expanded dramatically in size. Examples of land empires: • Manchus • Mughals • Ottomans • Russians

Key Concept 4. 3 Continued… C. European states established new maritime empires in the Americas. Examples of maritime empires: • Portuguese • Spanish • Dutch • French • British III. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.

Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire Janissaries were Christian slaves, taken from their villages between the ages of seven and ten, and raised to be loyal slave-soldiers of the emperor. Their loyalty was gained both through their strict training, which took up to ten years, and the prospect of great rewards for good service. Some two thirds of the Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire up at least until the 16 th century had been Janissaries. Rickard, J. (10 October 2000), Janissaries (Ottoman Empire), http: //www. historyofwar. o rg/articles/weapons_janis saries. html

Piracy in the Caribbean The “Golden Age of piracy” was the 1650 s - 1730 s due to increased global trade. Despite the anarchy portrayed by pirates, there were rules to be obeyed (no stealing, no women on board, etc. ). Violators faced marooning, walking the plank, or being hanged. The increase in piracy placed a greater strain on trade for European nations. This caused these same nations to bolster their navies for increased protection for merchants. Officials considered pirates outlaws, meaning they faced death or life imprisonment. Capt. William Kidd was sentenced to death in 1701. Blackbeard died while trying to rob a naval ship. Naval officials severed Blackbeard's head from his body and mounted it to the naval vessel to warn other pirates. http: //stlucianow. com/info/thehistory-of-piracy-in-the-caribbean

Dutch Maritime Empire The Dutch Republic was controlled by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, who inherited it in 1543. In 1566, a Protestant revolt broke out against Catholic Spain, which led to Dutch independence in 1648. Financiers and traders emigrated from Flanders to Dutch cities, particularly Amsterdam. With new sources of capital, the Dutch began to expand their trade routes. The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602. The directors of the company were given the legal authority to establish "fortresses and strongholds", to sign treaties, to enlist both an army and a navy, and to wage defensive war. The Netherlands lost many of its colonial possessions, as well as its global power status, to the British when Holland fell to French armies during the Revolutionary Wars. . . http: //www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Dutch_Empire

Period 4 Changes and Continuities Changes Continuities Western Europe Scientific Revolution Christianity Enlightenment Influence of the Renaissance Age of Exploration Defeat of Spanish Armada Protestant Reformation Eastern Europe Defeat of the Byzantine Orthodox Christianity Empire by the Ottomans South Asia Conquest by the Hinduism Mughals Impact of monsoons Introduction of Sikhism

Changes Continuities East Africa Decline of Swahili states, subdued by Portuguese explorers Trade with South Asia Impact of monsoons West Africa Songhai Empire replaced Mali, fell to Moroccans in 1591 Introduction of European slave trade Triangular trade Gold – salt trade Timbuktu as a center of trade and education SW Asia Expansion of Ottoman Empire Janissaries Islam Advances in arts and science

Changes East Asia Decline of the Ming Rise of the Qing (Manchus) in 1644 Rise of Tokugawa Shogunate 1609 Continuities In China: Centralized government Patriarchy Confucianism Buddhism Civil service exam Ethnocentrism In Japan: Feudalism Zen Buddhism

Changes Continuities Americas Columbian Exchange Triangular Trade Atlantic Slave Trade Conquest of Aztecs and Inca Introduction of Catholicism Encomienda System Deaths of millions due to smallpox and other European diseases Staple crops: beans, corn, tomatoes, potatoes Oceania Introduction of Catholicism Deaths of thousands due to smallpox and other European diseases Deforestation of Easter Island Taboo (tapu) system Cross-Pacific trade

Key Vocabulary Chattel Slavery Dutch East India Company Golden Age of Piracy Janissaries Summary Questions 1. Describe 2 ways in which global interactions changed 1450 – 1750. Was it for the better or worse? 2. What was the global impact of maize and sugar? 3. How were Sikhism and Neo-Confucianism examples of new syncretic beliefs? 4. How was the settlement of Siberia similar to the settlement of the American West? 5. Describe a new social hierarchy or structure between 1450 – 1750. What was its cause? Impact?