AIM SWBAT describe the process of ecological succession
AIM: SWBAT describe the process of ecological succession and differentiate between primary and secondary succession • Please Do Now (Whether you were here or not, this is material you need to know): • 1) What is exchanged in the plant rhizobia mutualism? • 2) What is exchanged in the plant mycorrhizal fungi mutualism?
Agenda • • Do Now Introduce Succession Video Experimental Design
Reminders • Two more weeks of material this semester • Buckle down, its do or die time. • Final Exam: January 21 (Tuesday)
• Ecological succession: The gradual replacement of one community of living things by another community. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Ecological succession: The gradual replacement of one community of living things by another community. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Ecological succession: The gradual replacement of one community of living things by another community. Each plant species replaces the existing species Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Ecological succession: The gradual replacement of one community of living things by another community. Some lichen, moss, grasses, and shrubs still exist buy in lesser numbers as competition for light and space increases. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Primary Succession • Succession that begins from bare rock
• Secondary Succession: Succession in an area that previously colonized life but is now disturbed. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Secondary Succession: Succession in an area that previously colonized life but is now disturbed. Older Disturbance Earlier Disturbance Recent Disturbance Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• In secondary succession, regrowth is usually faster because… – -Seeds are already in soil. – -Stumps and roots and some plants can re-grow. – -There is still soil, nutrients, and micro-organisms. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Seeds are already in soil. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Stumps and roots and some plants can regrow. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• There is still soil, nutrients, and microorganisms. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Pioneer Species: The first species to colonize after a disturbance.
• The order of ecological succession from primary succession – Bare Rock – Lichens • Acids secreted by the lichens attack the rock (chemical weathering) and create soil fragments. – Mosses • Create humus and retain moisture. – Grasses and Sedges – Meadow Stage • Grasses • Yearly plants • Weeds – Old Field Community • Perennials (year after year). • Goldenrod, Milkweed. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
- Sun loving shrubs Sun loving trees Conifers Shade Tolerant hardwoods (trees) - Can survive/thrive in the shade or sun - Shade loving trees - Extremely well adapted to life with little sunlight - Slow growth
• Bare rock. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Lichens
• Lichens – Acids secreted by the lichens attack the rock (chemical weathering) and create soil fragments. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Lichens – Acids secreted by the lichens attack the rock (chemical weathering) and create soil fragments. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Mosses. – Create humus and retain moisture. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• The growth, death, and decay of mosses produces more humus. – Soon there is enough to support the growth of grasses. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Meadow Stage – Grasses – Yearly plants – Weeds Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Old-Field Community – Perennials (year after year). – Goldenrod, Milkweed. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Old-Field Community – Perennials (year after year). – Goldenrod, Milkweed. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Old-Field Community – Perennials (year after year). – Goldenrod, Milkweed. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sun-loving Shrubs – Soil base now forms. – Sumac, Willow, Dogwood, Apple. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Sun-Loving Trees – Organic matter increases from fallen leaves. – Poplar, Birch, Quaking Aspen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Encroaching Conifers
• Conifers – Enriched soil allows pines to grow – Pines are sun loving and grow well – Eventually they shade out their offspring, no new pines grow. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You can see the conifers encroaching upon the aspens. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• You can see the conifers encroaching upon the aspens. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Shade Tolerant Hardwoods – These can grow in shade. – Oak, Hickory, Ash. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Shade Loving Trees: Climax Community – Beech Trees, and Maples – Climax means final community. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Their offspring can survive the shade so the population lasts until…
• Climax community: final stage of succession
Scenario #1 • A farmer is interested if it makes more sense for him to water his plants in the middle of the day or at night. Design an experiment to test this question. – REMEMBER: Include 1) a hypothesis with a 2) dependent variable and an 3) independent variable, 4) some things that must be kept constant between your groups, and 5) a brief 3 sentence description of your experiment.
Scenario #2 • You are trying to design an experiment to test whether fertilizers with extra Phosphorus or fertilizers with extra Nitrogen make tomato plants grow faster. – REMEMBER: Include 1) a hypothesis with a 2) dependent variable and an 3) independent variable, 4) some things that must be kept constant between your groups, and 5) a brief 3 sentence description of your experiment.
Scenario #3 • You are interested in determining whether the amount of rainfall a plant gets on average in its natural environment affects how many stomata it has per leaf. Design an experiment to test this. – REMEMBER: Include 1) a hypothesis with a 2) dependent variable and an 3) independent variable, 4) some things that must be kept constant between your groups, and 5) a brief 3 sentence description of your experiment.
- Slides: 54