AIM HOW DO WE PARAPHRASE DONOW WHAT IS

AIM: HOW DO WE PARAPHRASE? DO-NOW: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARAPHRASING AND PLAGIARIZING? JANUARY 31, 2017

WHAT IS PARAPHRASING? a. Paraphrasing means putting what you have read into your own words. b. You paraphrase by reading something, thinking about what it means, and then restating it in your own words. c. Paraphrasing is a useful strategy to check to be sure that you have understood when reading something difficult or something that is important to remember. d. If you cannot paraphrase after reading, it is important to go back and reread to clarify information.

• Original Text • Although he was born in a poor family, Ben Franklin made a fortune as a printer in Philadelphia. By the age of 42, Franklin was one of the richest men in the colonies. He chose to retire from active business and become a “gentleman. ” He was especially curious about electricity and his experiments made him • He was born in a poor family but Ben Franklin made a lot of money as a printer in Philadelphia. By the age of 42, Franklin was one of the wealthiest men in the colonies. He chose to retire from business and become a “gentleman. ” He was especially interested in electricity and his experiment made him well

SAMPLE PARAPHRASE • Although he was born in a poor family, Ben Franklin made a fortune as a printer in Philadelphia. By the age of 42, Franklin was one of the richest men in the colonies. He chose to retire from active business and become a “gentleman. ” He was especially curious about electricity and his experiments made him famous. • Ben Franklin is well known as a businessman and a scientist. Franklin’s successful printing business in Philadelphia led him to become one of the most wealthy men in the area. When he was only 42, he decided to retire from business and spend more time doing things he loved, such as electrical experiments.

LET’S TRY The Inca empire had a strong central government. There was almost no crime as punishment was harsh. They had a strong army. They had roads and bridges and aqueducts. The government cared for the sick and old. They invented terrace farming to make farming easier on the sharp mountain slopes. They had stores of food they distributed to all people in times of drought. Most people were farmers, but the Inca also had specialized professions like weavers who made fabulous textiles, and musicians who created new instruments like the pan pipe. The Inca invented many things. They also believed in many gods. • Explain how the Inca Empire established and controlled its civilization.

About 100 years ago, archaeologists made an incredible find, high in the Andes Mountains. They found an entire city that had not been destroyed by the Spanish invaders. This forgotten city is named Machu Picchu Archaeologists found ruins of temples, palaces, fortresses, pottery, statues, and all kinds of artifacts. This find told archaeologists and scientists a great deal about the ancient Inca civilization. One of the most exciting finds was the first thing explorers found as they entered the forgotten city. It was an Intihuatana. An Intihuatana was pyramid built so the Inca could speak to their gods. Priests used the flat top of the pyramid to conduct ceremonies. Archaeologists noted that palace balconies faced the flat rock at the top of the pyramid. They suspect this was done so that nobles could watch ceremonies from the comfort of a seat on their own balcony. • What did the archeologists find in the Andes Mountains?

About 100 years ago, archaeologists made an incredible find, high in the Andes Mountains. They found an entire city that had not been destroyed by the Spanish invaders. This forgotten city is named Machu Picchu Archaeologists found ruins of temples, palaces, fortresses, pottery, statues, and all kinds of artifacts. This find told archaeologists and scientists a great deal about the ancient Inca civilization. One of the most exciting finds was the first thing explorers found as they entered the forgotten city. It was an Intihuatana. An Intihuatana was pyramid built so the Inca could speak to their gods. Priests used the flat top of the pyramid to conduct ceremonies. Archaeologists noted that palace balconies faced the flat rock at the top of the pyramid. They suspect this was done so that nobles could watch ceremonies from the comfort of a seat on their own balcony. • Explain the reason why Intihuatana was one of the most exciting finds.

AIM: HOW DO WE PARAPHRASE DO-NOW: WHAT ARE 2 STRATEGIES FOR PARAPHRASING? FEBRUARY 1, 2017

EXAMPLE #1: Tango is a dance from Argentina designed for two people. Tango started in the outer neighborhoods of the city of Buenos Aires in the late nineteenth century and quickly became popular among all of the city’s residents. In the early 1900 s, tango spread to Europe because sailors from Argentina brought this style of dance with them. Soon many movies showed actors and actresses dancing tango, and the tango became well known. Tango is traditionally improvised, meaning that the steps are not memorized or performed in a certain order. This makes the dance’s basic steps very easy to learn and perform. Question: Tell me about what makes tango popular.

COMMANDING TEXT-BASED SAMPLES Passage: Tango is a dance from Argentina designed for two people. Tango started in the outer neighborhoods of the city of Buenos Aires in the late nineteenth century and quickly became popular among all of the city’s residents. In the early 1900 s, tango spread to Europe because sailors from Argentina brought this style of dance with them. Soon many movies showed actors and actresses dancing tango, and the tango became well known. Tango is traditionally improvised, meaning that the steps are not memorized or performed in a certain order. This makes the dance’s basic steps very easy to learn and perform. Question: Tell me about what makes tango popular. 10 Score Point 1 Score Point 2 Track 19 Track 20 Track 21 Track 22

Example #2: Today’s commercials take up seven to twelve minutes of the typical thirty-minute TV program. Commercials are visually and mentally appealing so that viewers will stay tuned and not change the channel. They run between fifteen and thirty seconds long. They try to interest viewers in a product without interfering with their attention span. Advertisers use many strategies to make winning commercials. The writers want to surprise, charm, inspire, and lure viewers into buying products. Each commercial seeks to persuade viewers to believe that the product is the best of its kind, something they must have. Advertisers study trends in purchasing and style in order to make commercials that are more successful. A commercial is a failure if the product doesn’t sell. Question: Tell me about TV commercials.

EXAMPLE #2 (CONTINUED): Today’s commercials take up seven to twelve minutes of the typical thirty-minute TV program. Commercials are visually and mentally appealing so that viewers will stay tuned and not change the channel. They run between fifteen and thirty seconds long. They try to interest viewers in a product without interfering with their attention span. Advertisers use many strategies to make winning commercials. The writers want to surprise, charm, inspire, and lure viewers into buying products. Each commercial seeks to persuade viewers to believe that the product is the best of its kind, something they must have. Advertisers study trends in purchasing and style in order to make commercials that are more successful. A commercial is a failure if the product doesn’t sell. Question: Explain why TV commercials need to be effective.

EXAMPLE #3: Winter is the season for snow! In the Northern Hemisphere, winter comes in late November. As winter comes, the days get shorter and colder. Winter means turning the lights on earlier to see and turning the heat up to stay warm. As Earth tilts away from the sun, the fall season ends and winter comes to the Northern Hemisphere. It is the opposite for the Southern Hemisphere. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Once the temperature drops below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) it will no longer rain, but it will snow. Water droplets freeze in the clouds and fall to the ground as snowflakes. Scientists believe no two snowflakes are alike. Every snowflake is different, but they all have six sides. Question: Explain why winter is the season for snow.

AIM: HOW DO WE PARAPHRASE? DO-NOW: LIST 3 STRATEGIES FOR PARAPHRASING. FEBRUARY 2, 2017

EXAMPLE #3 (CONTINUED): Winter is the season for snow! In the Northern Hemisphere, winter comes in late November. As winter comes, the days get shorter and colder. Winter means turning the lights on earlier to see and turning the heat up to stay warm. As Earth tilts away from the sun, the fall season ends and winter comes to the Northern Hemisphere. It is the opposite for the Southern Hemisphere. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Once the temperature drops below zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) it will no longer rain, but it will snow. Water droplets freeze in the clouds and fall to the ground as snowflakes. Scientists believe no two snowflakes are alike. Every snowflake is different, but they all have six sides. Question: Why is the time and place important for different seasons?

EXAMPLE #4: One quality of our society is mankind’s desire to be a part of different groups. Sociologists call this “group behavior. ” People naturally realized the benefits of being a part of a group. Groups provide companionship. People simply get to be around other people, which we, as a species, enjoy. Usually, this sense of companionship would be stronger felt if the group as a whole had a common purpose. Some people also become leaders within their groups, which created a higher level of appreciation and respect for them from their peers. This marked the beginning of roles within a group. Group behavior is the basis for so much of what we see in our society today. Cities, towns, and countries were built because of a group behavior that created common values. The same can be said for all of the large organized religions of the world, not to mention little afterschool clubs that focus on art or the game of chess. Question: Tell me about group behavior.

EXAMPLE #4 (CONTINUED): One quality of our society is mankind’s desire to be a part of different groups. Sociologists call this “group behavior. ” People naturally realized the benefits of being a part of a group. Groups provide companionship. People simply get to be around other people, which we, as a species, enjoy. Usually, this sense of companionship would be stronger felt if the group as a whole had a common purpose. Some people also become leaders within their groups, which created a higher level of appreciation and respect for them from their peers. This marked the beginning of roles within a group. Group behavior is the basis for so much of what we see in our society today. Cities, towns, and countries were built because of a group behavior that created common values. The same can be said for all of the large organized religions of the world, not to mention little afterschool clubs that focus on art or the game of chess. Question: How does group behavior influence us?

EXAMPLE #5: Gravity is the reason we are able to stand on the earth because without it, we would all float off into space. Gravity is also necessary for the operation of satellites. A satellite is any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical path. The path of a satellite is its orbit. Usually when people talk about satellites, they are referring to manmade objects that have been sent into orbit. However, the moon is also a satellite! Manmade satellites have all kinds of important applications. Scientists have used observation satellites which are satellites that have been specifically designed to monitor the earth. For example, observation satellites are used to keep track of the weather, detect changes in the environment, and create maps of the earth. They can be very useful for scientists in monitoring natural disasters, global warming, pollution, and other changes to the planet. Communications satellites, for instance, are satellites that are sent to orbit the earth for the purpose of sending communication signals or messages. Though we might not think about it when we’re on the phone, using the Internet, watching television, or listening to the radio, many satellites help make those activities possible for us to enjoy. Question: Tell me about satellites.

EXAMPLE #5 (CONTINUED): Gravity is the reason we are able to stand on the earth because without it, we would all float off into space. Gravity is also necessary for the operation of satellites. A satellite is any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical path. The path of a satellite is its orbit. Usually when people talk about satellites, they are referring to manmade objects that have been sent into orbit. However, the moon is also a satellite! Manmade satellites have all kinds of important applications. Scientists have used observation satellites which are satellites that have been specifically designed to monitor the earth. For example, observation satellites are used to keep track of the weather, detect changes in the environment, and create maps of the earth. They can be very useful for scientists in monitoring natural disasters, global warming, pollution, and other changes to the planet. Communications satellites, for instance, are satellites that are sent to orbit the earth for the purpose of sending communication signals or messages. Though we might not think about it when we’re on the phone, using the Internet, watching television, or listening to the radio, many satellites help make those activities possible for us to enjoy. Question: How are satellites a source of useful information?

EXAMPLE # One night in March 2014, mud broke loose from a tall hillside near the town of Oso, Washington. The giant mass of wet soil moved downhill quickly. It eventually covered thirty nearby houses with mud and dirt. Many people were hurt. Landslide is the word many people use to describe this kind of emergency. This landslide happened when very heavy rains soaked the ground near Oso. At the beginning of any muddy landslide, wet ground breaks loose. As the mud moves, it may rip bushes, boulders, trees, and other things out of the ground. Landslides can cause serious damage. A big landslide could bury homes and badly injure people in its path. Landslides can also dump huge amounts of wet dirt onto roads and highways. This enormous weight could wreck cars and might even cause the road to collapse. If a landslide happens near an area that includes buildings, it could break water lines, gas lines, or electrical lines. That kind of damage could also start fires. Scientists are trying to figure out how to help people be safe in areas where landslides occur. The best thing, experts say, is to have a plan for what to do if this kind of moving-earth emergency happens. Question: Tell me about landslides. / Explain how landslides occur.

EXAMPLE # 6 (CONTINUED): One night in March 2014, mud broke loose from a tall hillside near the town of Oso, Washington. The giant mass of wet soil moved downhill quickly. It eventually covered thirty nearby houses with mud and dirt. Many people were hurt. Landslide is the word many people use to describe this kind of emergency. This landslide happened when very heavy rains soaked the ground near Oso. At the beginning of any muddy landslide, wet ground breaks loose. As the mud moves, it may rip bushes, boulders, trees, and other things out of the ground. Landslides can cause serious damage. A big landslide could bury homes and badly injure people in its path. Landslides can also dump huge amounts of wet dirt onto roads and highways. This added enormous weight could wreck cars and might even cause the road to collapse. If a landslide happens near an area that includes buildings, it could break water lines, gas lines, or electrical lines. That kind of damage could also start fires. Scientists are trying to figure out how to help people be safe in areas where landslides occur. The best thing, experts say, is to have a plan for what to do if this kind of movingearth emergency happens. Question: How are landslides dangerous?

EXAMPLE # 7: Oceans absorb the heat from the Sun at the equator and distribute it around the globe, towards the poles, shaping our weather and climate. The pull of gravity from the Sun and Moon creates tides that in turn create ocean currents. As a result, currents provide the means for ocean dwellers, from giant jellyfish to plankton, to move around. Scientists know less about what is actually in the ocean they know about the dark side of the Moon! But now, with scuba diving gear, submersibles, and satellites, we can start to investigate parts of the ocean that used to be beyond our reach. Question: How do the Sun and Moon affect oceans?

EXAMPLE # (CONTINUED): Oceans absorb the heat from the Sun at the equator and distribute it around the globe, towards the poles, shaping our weather and climate. The pull of gravity from the Sun and Moon creates tides that in turn create ocean currents. As a result, currents provide the means for ocean dwellers, from giant jellyfish to plankton, to move around. Scientists know less about what is actually in the ocean they know about the dark side of the Moon! But now, with scuba diving gear, submersibles, and satellites, we can start to investigate parts of the ocean that used to be beyond our reach. Question: Why do scientists believe they will learn more about the ocean in the future?

EXAMPLE # A country vet is someone who works with large animals and he or she has to be ready to treat horses, pigs, sheep and cows at all hours of the day and night. They often do “house calls, ” tending to sick animals in their stalls, coops, and pens. If a pig is having a difficult birth in the middle of the night in a muddy sty, the vet is there, up close and personal. If a horse is bucking, the vet risks life and limb treating the huge patient. In addition, the conditions under which country vets often work increase the danger of their becoming infected with one of the many illnesses that can spread from animal to human. This is challenging work, and many students of veterinary medicine choose to work in a pleasant private practice, treating household pets. Also, with so many people living in and around cities, most people are not comfortable around large animals. This has led to a shortage of large animal country vets. This shortage is a real problem, however, not just because the animals won’t be treated. Sick animals raised for food can sicken people as well.

EXAMPLE # The land of Mesopotamia did not have a lot of natural resources, or at least they did not have the ones in demand during that time period. So, to get the items they needed, the Mesopotamians had to trade. In the southern part of Mesopotamia, docks were built along the sides of the rivers so that ships could easily dock and unload their trade goods. The merchants traded food, clothing, jewelry, wine and other goods between the cities. Sometimes a caravan would arrive from the north or east. The arrival of a trade caravan or trading ship was a time of celebration. To buy or trade these goods, the ancient Mesopotamians used a system of barter. But they also used money. They didn't use paper money or coins. They used barley for local trade. Because barley was heavy, they used lead, copper, bronze, tin, silver and gold to "buy" things away from their local area. You had to borrow barley from a barley banker. And the banker charged very high interest. Question:

EXAMPLE # (CONTINUED): The land of Mesopotamia did not have a lot of natural resources, or at least they did not have the ones in demand during that time period. So, to get the items they needed, the Mesopotamians had to trade. In the southern part of Mesopotamia, docks were built along the sides of the rivers so that ships could easily dock and unload their trade goods. The merchants traded food, clothing, jewelry, wine and other goods between the cities. Sometimes a caravan would arrive from the north or east. The arrival of a trade caravan or trading ship was a time of celebration. To buy or trade these goods, the ancient Mesopotamians used a system of barter. But they also used money. They didn't use paper money or coins. They used barley for local trade. Because barley was heavy, they used lead, copper, bronze, tin, silver and gold to "buy" things away from their local area. You had to borrow barley from a barley banker. And the banker charged very high interest. Question:

Cleopatra is one of the most legendary rulers of ancient Egypt. One reason she is very famous is that she was a female ruler. She is also famous because she was an incredibly gifted ruler. Cleopatra lived from 69 B. C. to 30 B. C. She lived in Alexandria, which was then the capital city of Egypt. She was intelligent, charming, witty, and ambitious. Cleopatra’s love and care for her people won Egypt’s affections. Under her rule, many Egyptian people lived comfortable lives. The kingdom was fairly peaceful. Cleopatra’s qualities lured two of Rome’s most famous leaders. First, she fell in love with Julius Caesar. Then, after Caesar’s death, she fell in love with Mark Antony. These romances linked Egypt and Rome. When Cleopatra was 39, Marc Antony died, and she found herself unprotected by Rome. The Egyptian queen was afraid of being captured and tortured by her enemies. She chose to kill herself instead of surrendering. Legend has it that she lured a poisonous snake called an asp to bite her.

Greece is a country in Europe. It lies on the Mediterranean Sea. Greece has been settled since ancient times. Today, we still follow many ideas the ancient Greeks had about science, sports, the arts, and government. Towns in ancient Greece were called city-states. City-states were very independent and very proud. Athens, which is now the capital of Greece, was a famous ancient city-state. It was named after Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and knowledge. The people of Athens invented a new kind of government. It was called democracy. This meant that the citizens of Athens were allowed to take part in their government. They could vote and make big decisions. We use this kind of government in the United States today. We owe it to the ancient Athenians. The ancient Greeks had their own religion. They believed in many different gods. Each god represented something specific to the Greeks. For instance, there was a god of war and a goddess of love. They even had a god of sleep. The ancient Greeks did many things to honor their gods. They put on plays. They held sporting events. In fact, the first Olympic Games were held in ancient Greece. We still hold Olympic Games today. Like democracy, it is just one of many things that we got from the ancient Greeks!

For a long time, people have wondered what lies at the bottom of the ocean floor. To find out what lay far beneath the waves, scientists developed diving equipment, like flippers, goggles and scuba tanks. They built scientific submarines to go even farther underwater, where they found fish and plant life that had never been exposed to the sunlight. But no matter how advanced their technology, no one could go all the way to the bottom of the deepest part of the sea—the Mariana Trench—which is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. At 36, 000 feet below sea level, the deepest part of the trench, otherwise known as the Challenger Deep, is deeper than Everest is tall. In 1960, two men attempted to get to the bottom of it. In a cramped submarine called the Trieste, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descended slowly to the bottom. They made the trip safely. When they landed on the ocean's floor—farther down than anyone had ever gone—they kicked up so much dirt, they couldn't see what was out there.

If you look up at the sky on a clear night, you may see a red dot among the stars. This dot is Mars, named in ancient times after the Roman god of war. Although no one has ever visited this red planet, we know a lot about it. Mars is more like Earth than any other planet in our solar system. Mars has a 24 -hour day, a rocky crust, canyons, volcanoes, polar ice caps, and seasons. But Earth and the “ 4 th rock from the Sun” are hardly twins. Mars is half as big as Earth and has less gravity. It has very little atmosphere. The surface of Mars has no lakes or oceans, plants or animals. No place on Earth gets as cold as Mars. The lack of life on the surface of Mars isn't surprising, considering the bone-dry environment. which planet is more like earth than another planet? contrast mars and earth.