Aim How do the circulatory and immune systems

Aim: How do the circulatory and immune systems work together to maintain homeostasis? Do Now: HW #1: Introduction to the Circulatory System

Lines of defense • 1 st line: Barriers – broad, external defense • “walls & moats” – skin & mucus membranes • 2 nd line: Non-specific patrol – broad, internal defense • “patrolling soldiers” – phagocyte (eating) WBCs • 3 rd line: Immune system – specific, acquired immunity • “elite trained units” – lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies • B & T cells

Inside Blood Vessels. . . • Plasma – Liquid portion of blood – Dissolved nutrients • Red Blood Cells – Transport oxygen in hemoglobin • White Blood Cells –Large cells with a nucleus –Defenders of the body –Immune System • Platelets –Blood clotting

Immune System • Function: Identifies and defends the body against pathogens - microbes • Foreign organisms that cause disease –Bacteria: Meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis –Viruses: HIV, flu, chicken pox –Fungi: yeast –Protists: lyme disease, malaria http: //www. teachersdomain. org/asset/tdc 02_vid_immune/

Antigens • Specifically shaped proteins on cells that identify foreign substances, such as pathogens, as invaders A different antibody will be made for this antigen (pathogen)

White Blood Cells • Blood cells that are a key part of the immune system –Engulf (eat) microbes/pathogens –Make antibodies

e di s o b ti n a a pathogen with antigens White Blood cell producing antibodies

The Immune Response 1. Why do you think there are several different types of cells involved in the process? 2. How do you think all of these cells are communicating with each other? 3. What do you notice about how the immune cells recognize pathogens and their markers (antigens)? 4. Where is all of this actually happening in the body?

White Blood Cells Key part of the immune system • Antibodies are specifically shaped proteins, made by white blood cells • Antibodies recognize and detect pathogens by reading their specific antigen

What’s Going on Here?

3 rd line: Lymphocytes • Specific defense – responds to specific invaders • recognizes specific foreign antigens • white blood cells – B cells & antibodies – T cells B cell

B cells & antibodies • B cells – white blood cells that attack roaming invaders • Plasma B cells – make antibodies against invader immediately • Memory B cells – remembers invader – can make antibodies quickly the next time • protects you from getting disease more than once

White Blood Cells • Memory WBC – Remembers invader – Can make antibodies quickly the next time • Protects you from getting disease more than once

T cells • T cells mature in thymus • Helper T cells – sounds the alarm for rest of immune system • Killer T cells – destroys infected body cells • Memory T cells – remembers invader & reacts against it again quickly

Aim: How does Your Body Become Immune to Disease? Do Now: Regents Review Questions HW #3: Vaccinations

How was the First Vaccine Developed? English physician Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox in 1796. Armed with the knowledge that milkmaids who had been exposed to cowpox, a relatively mild affliction, didn't come down with smallpox, Jenner intentionally infected an eight-year-old boy with cowpox. Two months later he infected the boy again, this time with smallpox. As Jenner expected, the child didn't come down with the disease -- he was immune.

Jonas E. Salk 1914 – 1995 • Developed the polio vaccine 1994: America is polio free April 12, 1955

• Annotate the graph with the following descriptions: 1. What is happening from 1950 to 1955? 2. What is happening from 1955 to 1960? 3. What is happening from 1962 to 1980?

• Annotate the graph with the following descriptions: 1. What is happening from 1930 to 1950? 2. What is happening from 1950 to 1976? 3. What is happening from 1976 to 2000?

After looking at the two graphs, think about the following questions: 1. How can we compare the trends found in these two graphs? 2. What factors do you think impacted the number of cases of polio? Influenza? 3. Why do the number of cases fluctuate? 4. Why do you think that there are no longer polio cases in the US, but there are some cases of influenza?

NOVA: Vaccines—Calling the Shots | Immunity & Vaccines • How Vaccines Work 1. Describe the steps that your body takes when building immunity. 2. Explain why vaccinations are particularly beneficial for infants. 3. What does the scientist mean when he says that white blood cells would not be “fast enough or smart enough if we hadn’t whipped them along by a prior immunization? ”

Vaccine • Dead or weakened pathogen injected into the body • Stimulates the body to produce antibodies to fight off the pathogen.

Immunity • Ability to produce antibodies to identify and destroy pathogens

Immune Response Do you have antibodies when you are FIRST exposed to a specific antigen? • Antibodies are produced AFTER being exposed to a pathogen Memory B cells (WBC) “remember” the pathogen and are able to produce SPECIFIC antibodies in the future

Protecting you from disease • Antibiotics = medicine – advantage • kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you – make you well after being sick – disadvantage • use only after sick • only good against bacteria • possible development of resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly) • can get sick again

Aim: How does HIV affect the Immune System? Do Now: Regents Review Questions HW:

HIV – “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” ANTIGEN • Virus that attacks and weakens the immune system. – Infects helper T cells • It is difficult to treat because it constantly mutates, changing its antigens.

HIV – “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” • Infects and destroys T-Cells (WBCs) • Virus weakens the immune system. • Causes AIDS • Infected with Opportunistic Diseases • Diseases caused by your body’s inability to defend itself. • Pneumocystic carinii & Kaposi’s sarcoma

Contracting HIV • Sexual intercourse • Blood transfusion • Passed through the placenta • Open wound • Sharing needles - drugs

2012

Aim: Why Does the Immune System Overact to Certain Stimuli? Do Now: Regents Question Worksheet HW:

Do Now 6/17 • What are allergies?

Allergies • Production of antibodies against harmless substances – Over-reaction to harmless compounds (allergens) –Proteins on pollen –Proteins from dust mites –Proteins in animal saliva – Body mistakenly thinks they are attackers

Allergic Reactions Inflammatory Response • Causes the production of histamines leading to an allergic reaction • Rashes, sneezing, burning eyes, asthma attack

Face Transplant Surgery Surgeons in France have carried out the first face transplant, it has been reported. The woman had lost her nose, lips and chin after being savaged by a dog. In the controversial operation, tissues, muscles, arteries and veins were taken from a braindead donor and attached to the patient's lower face. Doctors stress the woman will not look like her donor, but nor will she look like she did before the attack - instead she will have a "hybrid" face. It has been technically possible to carry out such a transplant for some years, with teams in the US, the UK and France researching the procedure. Skin from another person's face is better for transplants as it will be a better match than skin from another part of the patient's body, which could have a different texture or color. But the ethical concerns of a face transplant, and the psychological impact to the patient of looking different has held teams back. Concerns relating to immunosuppressant, psychological impact and the consequence of technical failure have so far prevented ethical approval of the procedure in the UK, though doctors here are fully able to perform transplants. http: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/4484728. stm

Why are Organ Transplants Difficult? • Donor organs have their own antigens on the cell membrane. • A recipient’s body identifies these as PATHOGENS. • This is a kidney being removed from a donor

How do Recipients React to Transplants? • Transplanted organs are recognized as pathogens and are attacked by the immune system This is known as rejection. • Chance of rejection is decreased when: – the donor and recipient are closely related – when anti-rejection medication is used.

Immunosuppressant Drugs • Drugs given to the recipient to reduce the risk of rejection • Gives the transplanted organ time to adjust to it’s new environment without being attacked by the recipient’s immune system.

Why can you only get a specific type of blood when you get a tranfusion? • Antigens, proteins on the surface of RBCs, determine blood type – If you get the wrong antigen, your body will reject it! • There are two types of antigens: A & B

Blood Type: Antigens & Antibodies blood type antigen on RBC antibodies in blood donation status A antigens anti-B antibodies __ B B antigens anti-A antibodies __ AB BOTH A & B antigens no antibodies universal recipient no antigens anti-A & anti-B antibodies universal donor A O Matching compatible blood groups is CRITICAL for blood transfusions A person produces antibodies against foreign blood antigens

Agglutination • Recipient makes antibodies against the donor’s blood and the blood clots, which can lead to death. • RBCs clump together due to antibodyantigen reaction