Aim How Did the Mughals and Safavids Consolidate

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Aim: How Did the Mughals and Safavids Consolidate and Maintain Power? Do Now: What

Aim: How Did the Mughals and Safavids Consolidate and Maintain Power? Do Now: What do you know about Iran? What would you like to know?

Rise of the Mughals 1526 -1858 A) Babar (ruled 1526 -1530), the great-grandson of

Rise of the Mughals 1526 -1858 A) Babar (ruled 1526 -1530), the great-grandson of Tamerlane (ethnically he was Mongolian). B) He defeated the Delhi Sultanate (despite being greatly outnumbered) in northern India with artillery from the Ottomans. C) Became the 1 st Mughal emperor in India. D) Mughals prospered under first 6 emperors (the Great Mughals). E) Official language was Persian

Babar (1483 – 1530) “Like us many have spoken over this spring, but they

Babar (1483 – 1530) “Like us many have spoken over this spring, but they were gone in the twinkling of an eye. We conquered the world with bravery and might, but we did not take it with us to the grave? ” “Most men, however brave, have some anxiety or fear in them. ”

Akbar the Great (1542 – 1605) A) Grandson of Babar. B) Centralized his government

Akbar the Great (1542 – 1605) A) Grandson of Babar. B) Centralized his government which included Muslims, Hindus, and foreigners. Jobs based on merit. C) Eliminated tax on non-Muslims, and encouraged religious toleration by marrying Hindu princesses. D) Expanded the empire. E) Patron of Mughal arts (combined Indian, Persian, and Arab styles). “A monarch should be ever intent on conquest, lest his neighbors rise in arms against him. ” “Most worshippers of God are intent on the advancement of their own destiny, not on His worship. In India, no one has ever claimed to be a prophet. The reason is that claims to divinity are customary. ” - Akbar the Great

1575, Akbar founded the House of Worship in the capital, Fatephur Sikri. The House

1575, Akbar founded the House of Worship in the capital, Fatephur Sikri. The House of Worship was a forum for religious debate, initially only between Muslim scholars but eventually including representatives of various faiths, such as Portuguese Jesuit missionaries (from Goa) and even atheists. Essentially the House of Worship represented a protected space for the discussion of faith, many scholars regularly turned up for debates at the invitation of the emperor himself

Shah Jahan 1592 - 1666 A) Shah Jahan began his reign by killing his

Shah Jahan 1592 - 1666 A) Shah Jahan began his reign by killing his brothers and all male members of their families. B) Shah Jahan took the city of Kandahar (now in Afghanistan) from the Safavid Empire. This sparked an on-going strife with the Persians, who recaptured the city in 1649. C) Built the Taj Mahal for his 2 nd wife Mumtaz after her death. He was determined to build his empress "the most magnificent tomb the world had ever known. “ D) Died at the age of 74. He was interred in the Taj Mahal, beside his beloved Mumtaz.

The Taj Mahal Made of white marble, the Taj Mahal is decorated with Koranic

The Taj Mahal Made of white marble, the Taj Mahal is decorated with Koranic verses in calligraphy. The building took 20 years and 32 million rupees to build. Shah Jahan built it for his 2 nd wife, Mumtaz Mahal, whom he had married in 1612 and died in 1631. She had been the mother of 14 of his 16 children.

Decline of the Mughals A) Empire declined under 6 th emperor Aurangzeb Wars of

Decline of the Mughals A) Empire declined under 6 th emperor Aurangzeb Wars of succession, local revolts. B) By 1765 the Mughal emperor had become a puppet of the British East India Company C) After the failed Sepoy (British-Indian) soldier rebellion in 1857, the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II (1775 – 1858) was put on trial for treason, found guilty and exiled to Burma. One of the only known photographs of Bahadur Shah Zafar II, taken after his trial in 1858. He died in custody on 7 November aged 87.

Legacy of the Mughals A) New trade routes with Arabs & Turks B) Mughlai

Legacy of the Mughals A) New trade routes with Arabs & Turks B) Mughlai cuisine (Arab & Persian influences on Indian food include biryani, kebabs, and kofta). C) Advancement of Urdu language (fusion of Indian, Arab and Persian influences)

Rise of the Safavids

Rise of the Safavids

Rise of the Safavids 1501 - 1736 A) The Safavids were a Sufi order

Rise of the Safavids 1501 - 1736 A) The Safavids were a Sufi order that goes back to Safi al-Din (12521334). Safi al-Din converted to Shi'ism and was a Persian nationalist. B) Empire founded by Shah Ismail 1501 (he was 14!) B) Followed Shia version of Islam and made it the official religion of the Safavid Dynasty C) Took Turkish title of “Shah”

V Shah Abbas 1571 - 1629 A) 1588 Abbas became Shah B) Reformed government,

V Shah Abbas 1571 - 1629 A) 1588 Abbas became Shah B) Reformed government, strengthened military, acquired modern gunpowder weapons C) Increased silk trade with Europe. D) Created the ghilman system where thousands of Circassian, Georgian, and Armenian slave-soldiers joined the civil administration and the military (based on the Ottoman Janissary model) E) Defeated Uzbeks, gained back land lost to Ottomans F) Made charitable donations to Shia shrines G) Moved capital to Isfahan

Jameh Mosque, Isfahan Iran

Jameh Mosque, Isfahan Iran

Isfahan Bazaar Haj Ali Mashoufi, selling enamelware and wooden mosaic works in Bazaar-e Gheisarrieh,

Isfahan Bazaar Haj Ali Mashoufi, selling enamelware and wooden mosaic works in Bazaar-e Gheisarrieh, Isfahan’s Grand Bazaar (MEE/Changiz M. Varzi) Tea in Iran is part of Iranian hospitality! Rug vendors, Grand Bazzar, Isfahan.

VI Decline of Safavids A) Suffered defeat by Ottomans in Battle of Chaldiran, 1514

VI Decline of Safavids A) Suffered defeat by Ottomans in Battle of Chaldiran, 1514 B) Economy declined 1. mountainous terrain limited trade 2. competition of European oceanic explorers C) 1722 Afghan Sunni invaders attacked Isfahan. D) Safavid power ended 1736 and civil wars followed Legacy: The Safavids laid the foundations of modern Iran. They adopted Shiite Islam as the official state religion, and they restored Persian sovereignty.

Summary Questions 1. How did the Mughals consolidate and maintain power? 2. What led

Summary Questions 1. How did the Mughals consolidate and maintain power? 2. What led to the decline of the Mughals? 3. How did the Safavids consolidate and maintain power? 4. What led to the decline of the Safavids? 5. What is the legacy of the Mughals? The Safavids? 6. How do the Mughals and Safavids compare when it came to government, culture, and society?

Key Vocabulary Akbar the Great Babar Ghilman System House of Worship (Mughal) Isfahan Mughal

Key Vocabulary Akbar the Great Babar Ghilman System House of Worship (Mughal) Isfahan Mughal Dynasty Safavid Dynasty Shah Abbas Shah Ismail