Aim How did a Second Industrial Revolution develop

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Aim: How did a Second Industrial Revolution develop in the 19 th century? Do

Aim: How did a Second Industrial Revolution develop in the 19 th century? Do Now: Modern History Sourcebook, Tables 1, 2 1. Which was the leading manufacturing nation in 1870? In 1913? 2. According to Table 1, which country experienced the greatest decline? 3. According to Table 2, which country had the biggest industrial gains in the period after 1865?

1 The Industrial Revolution Spreads • What industrial powers emerged in the 1800 s?

1 The Industrial Revolution Spreads • What industrial powers emerged in the 1800 s? • What impact did new technology have on industry, transportation, and communication? • How did big business emerge in the late 1800 s?

1 New Industrial Powers During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the

1 New Industrial Powers During the early Industrial Revolution, Britain stood alone as the world’s industrial giant. By the mid-1800 s, other nations had joined the race, and several newcomers were challenging Britain’s industrial supremacy. • • • Belgium became the first European nation outside Britain to industrialize. Germany united into a powerful nation in 1871. Within a few decades, it became Europe’s leading industrial power. The United States made rapid technological advances, especially after the Civil War. By 1900, American industry led the world in production. Japan industrialized rapidly after 1868. Canada, New Zealand, and Australia built thriving industries. Eastern and southern Europe industrialized more slowly. These nations lacked natural resources or the capital to invest.

1 Centers of Industry

1 Centers of Industry

1 Technology and Industry The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth.

1 Technology and Industry The marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth. To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts. They also introduced the assembly line. STEEL Henry Bessemer developed a process to produce stronger steel. Steel quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads. CHEMICALS Chemists created hundreds of new products. New chemical fertilizers led to increased food production. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. ELECTRICITY Alessandro Volta developed the first battery. Michael Faraday created the first electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity. Thomas Edison made the first electric light bulb.

1 Advances in Transportation and Communication During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and communication

1 Advances in Transportation and Communication During the second Industrial Revolution, transportation and communication were transformed by technology. TRANSPORTATION • Steamships replaced sailing ships. • Rail lines connected inland cities and seaports, mining regions and industrial centers. • Nikolaus Otto invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. • Karl Benz patented the first automobile. • Henry Ford began mass producing cars. • Orville and Wilbur Wright designed and flew the first airplane. COMMUNICATION • Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. • Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. • Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

1 The Rise of Big Business New technologies required the investment of large amounts

1 The Rise of Big Business New technologies required the investment of large amounts of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors. Large-scale companies formed corporations, businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy. Sometimes a group of businesses joined forces and formed a cartel, an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.

Aim: How did the IR change living conditions in Europe? • Do Now: Chart

Aim: How did the IR change living conditions in Europe? • Do Now: Chart on Population Growth in England Task: For all four areas, write a statement comparing figures for 1750 and 1900? Question: How can we explain the changes? HW: Essay on Irish Potato Famine and IR – due Thursday

2 The World of Cities • What was the impact of medical advances in

2 The World of Cities • What was the impact of medical advances in the late 1800 s? • How had cities changed by 1900? • How did working-class struggles lead to improved conditions for workers?

2 Population Explosion Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled.

2 Population Explosion Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Europe more than doubled. This rapid growth was not due to larger families. Instead, population soared because the death rate fell. The drop in the death rate can be attributed to the following: • People ate better. • Medical knowledge increased. • Public sanitation improved. • Hygiene improved. Year Male Female 1850 1870 1890 1910 42. 8 years 44. 7 years 48. 5 years 56. 0 years 40. 3 years 42. 3 years 45. 8 years 52. 7 years

‘The Silent Highwayman’, Punch magazine, 1858. What is the artist trying to say about

‘The Silent Highwayman’, Punch magazine, 1858. What is the artist trying to say about living conditions in Victorian London?

2 Advances in Medicine Improved medicine and hygiene played a major role in increasing

2 Advances in Medicine Improved medicine and hygiene played a major role in increasing life expectancy in the industrialized world. LOUIS PASTEUR proved the link between microbes and disease, developed vaccines against rabies and anthrax, and discovered the process of pasteurization, the killing of disease-carrying microbes in milk. ROBERT KOCH identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE insisted on better hygiene in wartime field hospitals, introduced sanitary measures in British hospitals, and founded the world’s first nursing school. JOSEPH LISTER discovered how antiseptic prevented infection.

Medical Breakthroughs Preventing Disease • Breakthroughs in late 1800 s as result of scientific

Medical Breakthroughs Preventing Disease • Breakthroughs in late 1800 s as result of scientific advances earlier in century • Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, sanitation revealed • Mysteries of what caused diseases began to be solved Microbes and Disease • Louis Pasteur showed link between the two, 1870 • Disproved spontaneous generation concept of bacteria from nonliving matter • Showed bacteria always present though unseen, can reproduce Fermentation • Bacteria in the air causes grape juice to turn to wine, milk to sour • Heating liquids, foods can kill bacteria, prevent fermentation • Process became known as pasteurization, makes foods germ-free

Medical Breakthroughs Anthrax • Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock • Pasteur

Medical Breakthroughs Anthrax • Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock • Pasteur sought to prevent anthrax • Injected animals with vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs Antibodies • Vaccine worked because body builds antibodies • Antibodies fight weakened germs when they enter body Rabies • Pasteur’s next goal • Developed vaccine, 1885 • Saved life of young boy bitten by rabid dog

Medical Breakthroughs Improving Medical Care • Treatment of pain • American surgeon Crawford W.

Medical Breakthroughs Improving Medical Care • Treatment of pain • American surgeon Crawford W. Long – Discovered solution to pain suffered by surgery patients – Patients breathed in ether, anesthetic to reduce pain and render patient unconscious – Performed first painless operation, 1842

Medical Breakthroughs Treatment of Infections • Many surgical patients died from infections • English

Medical Breakthroughs Treatment of Infections • Many surgical patients died from infections • English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1860 s – Began cleaning wounds and equipment with antiseptic containing carbolic acid – Reduced post-surgery deaths in one hospital ward from 45 to 15 percent

Medical Breakthroughs Hospitals Improved Care • Public health improved with building of more modern

Medical Breakthroughs Hospitals Improved Care • Public health improved with building of more modern hospitals • Caused dramatic decline in infant mortality • More medical professionals trained • Statistics from Sweden provide example • Nursing schools trained large numbers of women, some trained as doctors • 1800, 240 infant deaths in first year per 1, 000 live births • By 1900, 5 percent of American doctors were women • Nearly 100 years later, only 91 infant deaths in first year per 1, 000 live births

2 City Life As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West. At the

2 City Life As industrialization progressed, cities came to dominate the West. At the same time, city life underwent dramatic changes. • Settlement patterns shifted: the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center. • Paved streets, gas lamps, organized police forces, and expanded fire protection made cities safer and more livable. • Architects began building soaring skyscrapers made of steel. • Sewage systems improved public health.

1834 Poor Law • Previously poor had been looked after by parish • Now

1834 Poor Law • Previously poor had been looked after by parish • Now poor looked after by Poor Law Unions with Boards of Governors to administer them • Established 100 s of workhouses across the country • Anyone claiming (old, sick or unemployed) outdoor relief had to work in workhouse • Conditions inside workhouses must be worse than the lowest-paid worker A typical workhouse of the nineteenth century

Regulations • 1847, commissioners issued detailed regulations • Everyone entering a workhouse needed a

Regulations • 1847, commissioners issued detailed regulations • Everyone entering a workhouse needed a medical examination • Unwell paupers would be isolated in infirmaries • Paupers would be cleaned and made to wear a special uniform • Men and women were separated

Example of workhouse regulations

Example of workhouse regulations

Were workhouses so bad?

Were workhouses so bad?

2 Working-Class Struggles Workers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life. At

2 Working-Class Struggles Workers protested to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life. At first, business owners tried to silence protesters, strikes and unions were illegal, and demonstrations were crushed. By mid-century, workers slowly began to make progress: • • • Workers formed mutual-aid societies, self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. Workers won the right to organize unions. Governments passed laws to regulate working conditions. Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance. The standard of living improved.

Electric Power As the Industrial Age progressed in the late 1800 s, one technology

Electric Power As the Industrial Age progressed in the late 1800 s, one technology changed industry and daily life more than any other-electricity. Early Attempts • Scientists interested in electricity for centuries – Ben Franklin, 1700 s – Michael Faraday discovered magnetism, electricity connection 1831 – Dynamo powered electric motor • Swan developed primitive lightbulb, 1860 Edison’s Lightbulb • First usable, practical lightbulb invented 1879 • Edison’s lightbulb came through trial and error and many hours of work in lab • Other inventions: – Generators – Motors – Light sockets – Electric power plant

Effects on Industry and Daily Life Electric power transformed industry in Europe and the

Effects on Industry and Daily Life Electric power transformed industry in Europe and the United States • Improved industry in 3 significant ways – Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines – Factories did not have to depend on waterways to power steam engines – Factories became less dependent on sunlight, increased production • Improved daily life – Cheaper, more convenient light source than gas, oil – Other electrical devices soon created

Advances in Transportation Steam Powered Trains • Boats on canals, rivers best for longdistance

Advances in Transportation Steam Powered Trains • Boats on canals, rivers best for longdistance travel, in early 1800 s • With development of efficient steam engines, trains replace boats • Trains could carry heavy loads, traveled faster than watercraft • World’s first rail line, Britain 1830 • 3, 000 miles of railroads, Eastern U. S. 1840 Improvements in Steel • Bessemer process, forcing air through molten metal to burn out impurities, strengthen steel • Factories increased production of locomotives, tracks • Stronger steel used to build bridges • 30, 000 mile network of railroads linking major American cities, 1860 • New railroads helped grow cities in American West

Advances in Communication Early 1800 s Communication The Telegraph • Much slower than today

Advances in Communication Early 1800 s Communication The Telegraph • Much slower than today • Telegraph invented, 1837 • Boat, messenger on foot, horseback or carriage • Samuel Morse also invented a “language” for those messages • Entrepreneurs, inventors searched for faster ways • Messages transmitted as electrical pulses “What hath God wrought? ” • First telegraph message from Morse, 1844 • Telegraph wires between Washington D. C. , Baltimore • New era in communication Growth of Telegraph • Much of country linked by 1861 • Telegraph cable to Europe, 1866; to India, 1870 • Globalized personal and business communication

Advances in Communication The Radio and Phonograph • Telephone technology limited by length of

Advances in Communication The Radio and Phonograph • Telephone technology limited by length of wires • New wireless technology – Guglielmo Marconi built wireless telegraph, 1895 – Radio first used as communication device for ships – Later used for entertainment and news • Sound recording technology – Thomas Edison invented phonograph – Music became available to everyone

New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800 s

New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800 s • Published theories in On the Origin of Species • Developed concept of natural selection – Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring – Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

New Ideas in Science Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800 s • Scientists

New Ideas in Science Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800 s • Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements Modern Atomic Theory • John Dalton, 1803 • Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass • Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms Periodic Table More Elements Discovered • Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871 • Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898 • Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table • Discovered polonium, radium • Revealed previously unknown patterns • Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity

New Ideas in Science Einstein’s Genius • Albert Einstein revolutionized physics • Used math

New Ideas in Science Einstein’s Genius • Albert Einstein revolutionized physics • Used math to show light can act like particles of energy • Developed special theory of relativity • No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light • Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer E = mc 2 • Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy • Space is curved, must include time in study of space • Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution change society in Europe? • Do now: Analyzing

Aim: How did the Industrial Revolution change society in Europe? • Do now: Analyzing Political Cartoons • 1. Explain what point the cartoonist is trying to make. • 2. How do you determine if someone is upper class, middle class, or lower class? • 3. Do you consider yourself upper class, middle class, or lower class? • HW: Irish Potato Famine essay

Industrialization, cities, and classes • Growth of cities: • London: from 676, 000 (1750)

Industrialization, cities, and classes • Growth of cities: • London: from 676, 000 (1750) to 2. 3 million (1850) • Paris: from 560, 000 to 1. 3 million • New cities: Manchester

Consequences of Urbanization Pollution Air pollution: - industry and coal - Tuberculosis and bronchitis

Consequences of Urbanization Pollution Air pollution: - industry and coal - Tuberculosis and bronchitis Water pollution - Industry - Human waste - Breeding grounds for cholera, typhus, and tuberculosis

The New Industrial Class Structure The New Middle Class The New Working Class

The New Industrial Class Structure The New Middle Class The New Working Class

IV. The New Middle Class Middle-class families lived in fine homes, dressed and ate

IV. The New Middle Class Middle-class families lived in fine homes, dressed and ate well, and gained influence in Parliament

IV. The New Middle Class The middle class valued hard work and "getting ahead”

IV. The New Middle Class The middle class valued hard work and "getting ahead”

Who were the Middle Classes? Respectability A code of behavior Financial independence Providing for

Who were the Middle Classes? Respectability A code of behavior Financial independence Providing for family Avoiding gambling and debt Hard work Modesty Sobriety

IV. The New Middle Class They felt little sympathy for the poor, who they

IV. The New Middle Class They felt little sympathy for the poor, who they thought were responsible for their own misery

Lower and Middle Class Housing Tenements

Lower and Middle Class Housing Tenements

Social Mobility This illustration of a “typical apartment” appeared in a Parisian newspaper in

Social Mobility This illustration of a “typical apartment” appeared in a Parisian newspaper in 1845

The Middle Classes and sexuality • Victorian sexuality: anxiety, prudishness, and ignorance • Scientists

The Middle Classes and sexuality • Victorian sexuality: anxiety, prudishness, and ignorance • Scientists taught that specific characteristics were inherent to each sex: “woman’s nature” • Women were “passionless, ’ so morally superior • Absence of reliable contraceptives

Methodism • John Wesley • “Instant salvation” • Appealed to the working class

Methodism • John Wesley • “Instant salvation” • Appealed to the working class

3 What Values Shaped the New Social Order? • A strict code of etiquette

3 What Values Shaped the New Social Order? • A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior. • Children were supposed to be “seen but not heard. ” • Middle-class parents had a large say in choosing whom their children married. At the same time, the notion of “falling in love” was more accepted than ever before. • Men worked while women stayed at home. Books, magazines, and popular songs supported a cult of domesticity that idealized women and the home.

3 Rights for Women • Across Europe and the United States, politically active women

3 Rights for Women • Across Europe and the United States, politically active women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws. • Women’s groups supported the temperance movement, a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages. • Before 1850, some women had become leaders in the union movement. • Some women campaigned to abolish slavery. • Many women broke the barriers that kept them out of universities and professions. • In the mid- to late 1800 s, groups dedicated to women’s suffrage emerged.

3 Growth in Public Education • By the late 1800 s, reformers persuaded many

3 Growth in Public Education • By the late 1800 s, reformers persuaded many governments to set up public schools and require basic education for all children. • Governments began to expand secondary schools, or high schools. • Colleges and universities expanded during this period. Universities added courses in the sciences to their curriculums. • Some women sought greater educational opportunities. By the 1840 s, a few small colleges for women opened.

Trade Unions The Tolpuddle Martyrs Agricultural laborers who had formed a trade union in

Trade Unions The Tolpuddle Martyrs Agricultural laborers who had formed a trade union in the village of Tolpuddle were arrested on false charges and sent to the British colony of Australia.

Labor Unions • Sir Francis Burdett • The 1871 Trade Union Act

Labor Unions • Sir Francis Burdett • The 1871 Trade Union Act

The Chartists • • Political reformers Chartists wanted the government to adopt a “People’s

The Chartists • • Political reformers Chartists wanted the government to adopt a “People’s Charter” Adopted by national convention of labor organizations in 1838 Influenced the struggle for universal voting rights

The Luddites “General Ned Ludd” and the “Army of Redressers”

The Luddites “General Ned Ludd” and the “Army of Redressers”

The “Peterloo Massacre” 1819

The “Peterloo Massacre” 1819

3 New Directions in Science In the late 1800 s, researchers advanced startling theories

3 New Directions in Science In the late 1800 s, researchers advanced startling theories about the natural world. These new ideas challenged long-held beliefs. • • John Dalton developed modern atomic theory. He showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances. Dmitri Mendeleyev grouped the elements according to their atomic weights. Charles Lyell and his successors offered evidence that the Earth had formed over billions of years and that life had not appeared until long after the Earth was formed. These ideas conflicted with biblical accounts of creation. Charles Darwin put forward theory of natural selection. Darwin’s theory ignited a furious debate between scientists and theologians.

New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800 s

New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800 s • Published theories in On the Origin of Species • Developed concept of natural selection – Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring – Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

New Ideas in Science Darwin’s Theory of Evolution • Over time the species will

New Ideas in Science Darwin’s Theory of Evolution • Over time the species will evolve to improve survival chances • Controversial theory – Indicated humans were descended from other animals – Many opposed Darwin because theory differed from Biblical story of creation

New Ideas in Science Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800 s • Scientists

New Ideas in Science Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800 s • Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements Modern Atomic Theory • John Dalton, 1803 • Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass • Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms Periodic Table More Elements Discovered • Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871 • Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898 • Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table • Discovered polonium, radium • Revealed previously unknown patterns • Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity

New Ideas in Science Others developed theories based on Curies’ work • Ernest Rutherford,

New Ideas in Science Others developed theories based on Curies’ work • Ernest Rutherford, 1911 • In center of atom lay a core called a nucleus – Nucleus made up of positively charged particles, protons – Disproved long-held belief that atom was solid piece of matter

New Ideas in Science Einstein’s Genius • Albert Einstein revolutionized physics • Used math

New Ideas in Science Einstein’s Genius • Albert Einstein revolutionized physics • Used math to show light can act like particles of energy • Developed special theory of relativity • No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light • Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer E = mc 2 • Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy • Space is curved, must include time in study of space • Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked

New Ideas in Social Sciences In the late 1800 s scientists expanded their focus

New Ideas in Social Sciences In the late 1800 s scientists expanded their focus to include the study of the mind and human societies. These new fields became known as the social sciences and include psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology. Psychology Pavlov’s Dogs • Study of mind, human behavior became separate field in 1890 s • Pavlov rang bell each time he fed dogs • Observation, experiments helped psychologists explore subject • Discovered that dogs not only salivated at sight, smell of food, but also when they heard bell • Ivan Pavlov studied dogs to show animals could be taught certain reflex actions • Called this conditioned reflex By studying dogs’ behavior, Pavlov concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes.

New Ideas in Social Sciences Studies of human behavior • Austrian-Jewish physician Sigmund Freud

New Ideas in Social Sciences Studies of human behavior • Austrian-Jewish physician Sigmund Freud – Said that unconscious part of mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware – Used hypnotism to explore patient’s unconscious mind – Felt that repressed thoughts revealed in dreams could cause mental illness – Developed psychoanalysis as therapy

3 Religion in an Urban Age Despite the challenge of new ideas, religion continued

3 Religion in an Urban Age Despite the challenge of new ideas, religion continued to be a major force in western society. • Christian churches and Jewish synagogues remained at the center of communities. • Religious leaders influenced political, social, and educational developments. • Religious organizations provided social services to the poor. • The social gospel was a movement that urged Christians to social service.

4 A New Culture • What themes shaped romantic art, literature, and music? •

4 A New Culture • What themes shaped romantic art, literature, and music? • How did realists respond to the industrialized, urban world? • How did the visual arts change?

4 Romanticism Romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason.

4 Romanticism Romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason. They glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audiences. ART Painters broke free from the discipline and rules of the Enlightenment. J. M. W. Turner captured the beauty and power of nature. Eugène Delacroix painted dramatic action. LITERATURE Writers created a new kind of hero, a mysterious, melancholy figure out of step with reality. Lord Byron described the romantic hero in his poetry. Charlotte Brontë wove a mysterious tale in Jane Eyre. MUSIC Composers tried to stir deep emotions. Ludwig van Beethoven combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound. Frederic Chopin conveyed the sorrow of people living under foreign occupation.

Cultural Impact: Romanticism The Romantics glorified the divine power of nature as a reaction

Cultural Impact: Romanticism The Romantics glorified the divine power of nature as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution’s achievement of controlling nature through technology.

Cultural Impact: The Visual Arts French artist Honore Daumier painted the poor and working

Cultural Impact: The Visual Arts French artist Honore Daumier painted the poor and working classes. In Third. Class Carriage (shown here), he illustrates with great compassion a group of people on a train journey.

Cultural Impact: The Visual Arts J. M. W. Turner The Fighting “Temeraire”

Cultural Impact: The Visual Arts J. M. W. Turner The Fighting “Temeraire”

4 Realism By the mid-1800 s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in

4 Realism By the mid-1800 s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the West. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was. Realists often focused their work on the harsh side of life in cities or villages. Many writers and artists were committed to improving the lot of the unfortunates whose lives they depicted. • • • The English novelist Charles Dickens vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers. The Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen wrote plays that attacked the hypocrisy he observed around him. The French painter Gustave Courbet focused on ordinary subjects.

Cultural Impact: Literature Depiction of a scene from Oliver Twist Charles Dickens (1812– 1870)

Cultural Impact: Literature Depiction of a scene from Oliver Twist Charles Dickens (1812– 1870)

Cultural Impact: Literature Emile Zola

Cultural Impact: Literature Emile Zola

4 The Visual Arts • By the 1840 s, a new art form, photography,

4 The Visual Arts • By the 1840 s, a new art form, photography, was emerging. The first photos were stiff, posed portraits. In time, photographers used the camera to present the grim realities of life. • Photography posed a challenge to painters. Why try for realism, they asked, when a camera could do the same thing better? • By the 1870 s, a group of painters sought to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or an object on the viewer’s eye. This new movement was known as impressionism. • Later painters, called postimpressionists, developed a variety of styles.

2 The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect • • • • Causes Increased agricultural

2 The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect • • • • Causes Increased agricultural productivity Growing population New sources of energy, such as steam and coal Growing demand for textiles and other massproduced goods Improved technology Available natural resources, labor, and money Strong, stable governments that promoted economic growth Immediate Effects Rise of factories Changes in transportation and communication Urbanization New methods of production Rise of urban working class Growth of reform movements • • Long-Term Effects Growth of labor unions Inexpensive new products Spread of industrialization Rise of big business Expansion of public education Expansion of middle class Competition for world trade among industrialized nations Progress in medical care

4 Section 4 Assessment Which of the following was a romantic writer? a) Charles

4 Section 4 Assessment Which of the following was a romantic writer? a) Charles Dickens Lord Byron c) Henrik Ibsen d) Eugène Delecroix What novelist portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers? Charlotte Brontë Lord Byron c) Charles Dickens Frederic Chopin Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here. b) a) b) d)

4 Section 4 Assessment Which of the following was a romantic writer? a) Charles

4 Section 4 Assessment Which of the following was a romantic writer? a) Charles Dickens Lord Byron c) Henrik Ibsen d) Eugène Delecroix What novelist portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers? Charlotte Brontë Lord Byron c) Charles Dickens Frederic Chopin Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here. b) b) a) d)