Agriculture Industrialization and Development Agriculture Commercial Agriculture Intensive

Agriculture, Industrialization and Development

Agriculture • Commercial Agriculture – Intensive vs. Extensive – Sustainable agriculture • Subsistence Agriculture • Agricultural Revolutions – 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd (Green Revolution) • von Thunen Model – milkshed

Agriculture • Debt-for-nature swap • Planned Economy • Collective Farm • Suitcase Farm • “Tragedy of the commons” • Aquaculture

Industrialization and Development • • • Human Development Index GDI Self-Sufficiency Model International Trade Model (Rostow’s Model) Dependency Theory – Core-Periphery Model – World Systems Theory

School of Thought Time Period Main Ideas Real World Strategies Modernization 1940 s-1960 s • Progressive stages of economic growth Economic structural change Trickle-down economics Investment Technology transfer Large scale industrialization projects Dependency 1970 s Human welfare Core-periphery model Circular and cumulative causation Nationalization Bottom-up economics Small-scale and rural enterprises Import substitution Neocolonialism Neoliberal Counterrevolution 1980 s Free market economics Transition economies Privatization Foreign direct investment Reduced role of the state Free trade Currency devaluation Sustainable Development 1990 s Global environmental change Environmental economics Women and development Children and development Partnership with developed countries Market mechanisms for environmental regulation Resource conservation Renewable resources Loans to women and very poor (microcredit) Women’s and children’s rights Appropriate technology

Figure 7. 7

Industrialization and Development • Situation factors – Bulk reducing – Bulk gaining • • • Site factors Weber’s least cost theory Industrial Regions Deindustrialization Footloose Industry

Manufacturing Regions Fig. 11 -3: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

Industrial Regions of North America Fig. 11 -4: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U. S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

Manufacturing Centers in Western Europe Fig. 11 -6: The major manufacturing centers in Western Europe extend in a north-south band from Britain to Italy.

Industrialization and Development • • • NAFTA Entrepot Outsourcing International division of labor Maquiladoras