agriculture industrial effluent other point sources tile drains

agriculture industrial effluent other point sources tile drains WWTP effluent stormwater drainage urbanization industry groundwater withdrawals LEGEND forestry & silviculture surface water withdrawals watershed devegetation ↓ permeability human activity mining & resource extraction upstream impoundment downstream impoundment ↓ water uptake riparian devegetation channel alteration ↓ sinuosity ↑ armoring ↑ incision source ↓ groundwater inputs additional step in causal pathway proximate stressor ↑ discharge into surface waters interacting stressor ↓ infiltration ↑ overland transport efficiency ↑ surface runoff ↓ surface water inputs ↑ discharge regulation Δ channel morphology mode of action response Δ physical habitat other stressors Δ discharge patterns ↓ magnitude, ↑ frequency of low discharges ↑ channel drying ↑ droughttolerant taxa ↓ magnitude, ↓ frequency ↑ magnitude, ↑ frequency of high discharges ↑ magnitude, ↓ frequency of low discharges ↓ droughttolerant taxa Δ structural habitat ↓ slow water habitat ↑ daily discharge variability ↑ scouring & displacement ↓ benthic taxa or life stages Detailed conceptual diagram for FLOW ALTERATION Developed 7/2007 by Kate Schofield & Rick Ziegler; modified 7/2010 Δ discharge pattern timing or sequencing of high discharges ↓ floodplain inundation ↑ stranding duration ↑ scouring & displacement Δ life cycle cues ↓ macrophytes ↓ floodplaindependent taxa or life stages ↑ nonnative taxa ↓ water depth ↓ water velocity ↑ bryophytes ↓ water column habitat ↓ wetted channel area ↓ benthic taxa or life stages ↓ EPT taxa ↑ water depth Δ discharge ↓ seasonal discharge variability ↓ scouring & displacement ↑ water velocity ↓ invertebrate richness or diversity ↓ plant richness or diversity ↓ fish richness or diversity ↑ other impairments ↑ water column habitat ↓ scouring & displacement ↑ lentic taxa ↓ water column taxa ↑ macrophytes