Age of Reform Key Concept 4 7 The

Age of Reform Key Concept 4. 7 –The U. S. developed and celebrated a new national culture, new religious and intellectual movements to change society

Second Great Awakening • The Second Great Awakening was a revival of strong religious feeling and rejection of Puritan teachings for a more liberal forgiving doctrine and salvation for all “There can be no revival when Mr. Amen and Mr. Wet-Eyes are not found in the audience. ” – Charles Finney

Second Great Awakening Protestants influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and religious movements Shakers Oneida Community Mormons Millerites

Transcendentalism • It taught to discover one’s inner self and look for the essence of God in nature Ralph Waldo Emerson: • trust their inner moral spirit, feelings and emotions • Supported individualism, nonconformity

Henry David Thoreau • Because Thoreau believed in the importance of individualism, he urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust I must walk toward Oregon, and not toward Europe. • Thoreau promoted the idea of civil disobedience • Civil Disobedience is peacefully disobeying a law , instead of using violence • Thoreau refused to pay taxes to the U. S. Government, which he said enforced slavery and wrongly went to war with Mexico • Many of his ideas can be found in his book Walden

AMERICAN ART AND LITERATURE A new national culture that combined American elements that stressed imagination, creativity, emotion and nature with European Influences and regional culture. Many of Emily Dickinson’s poems deal with themes of death and immortality Noah Webster’s Dictionary gave American spellings and slang word, not British Edgar Allan Poe wrote terrifying horror and detective stories Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote about love, guilt and revenge in The Scarlet Letter. Herman Melville wrote about adventure in his tale called Moby Dick

• The Hudson River School became famous for painting nature and landscapes

Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to changed behaviors and improve society through the Temperance movement (a public campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol)

Reform efforts were led by Horace Mann, worked for free public schools supported by taxes Reformers saw education as a way of solving some of the problems in society, such as poverty and crime.

“ I proceed, gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of insane persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls and pens! Chained , naked, beaten with rods and lashed into obedience. ” Dorothea Dix She worked to improve treatment and hospitals for the mentally ill. She also urged rehabilitation for the mentally ill

“Women have enough influence as mothers and wives that they don’t need to be involved in politics. Because of their family, they are already very powerful and giving them the right to vote is unnecessary. ” “”Women have delicate bodies and emotions. They should not be placed under unnecessary stress or physical strain. This could overwhelm them and, ultimately, harm their ability to have children. ”

• A Women’s Rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention • Elizabeth Cady Stanton created to demand equality and women’s suffrage

I have heard much about the sexes being equal. I can carry as much as any man, and can eat as much too. I am as strong as any man…and Aint I a Woman………. . Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him. If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it. The men better let them. Obliged to you for hearing me, and now old Sojourner ain't got nothing more to say. Sojourner Truth Well-traveled public speaker on such topics as women’s rights and abolition

William Lloyd Garrison was a vocal abolitionist and publisher of the newspaper The Liberator. He also formed the American Anti. Slavery Society in 1833.

Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, lectured against slavery and quickly became a leader in the abolitionist movement. In 1847, he started his own antislavery newspaper, North Star.