Age of Exploration Why were the Europeans so

Age of Exploration Why were the Europeans so motivated to explore other lands?

Do Now: Make some predictions: why would Europeans be so motivated to explore the rest of the world?

Why did Europeans want to explore? From the 1400 s to the 1700 s, Europe experienced an “Age of Exploration” The Renaissance encouraged curiosity and a desire for trade As a result of exploration, European nations grew powerful and spread their influence throughout the world

Motivating Factors European exploration was driven by multiple factors… - Economic - increased demand for luxury goods increased the need to gain greater access to key trade routes - Political- European kingdoms began competing for the best access to trade routes and later over number of colonies throughout the globe - Religious- Christian missionaries wanted to increase conversions to make Christianity a universal religion

Riches of the Indies

Desire to increase fame and fortune Merchants began looking for quick, direct trade routes to Asia to avoid Muslim & Italian merchants & increase profits Kings who sponsored voyages of exploration gained overseas colonies, new sources of wealth for their nation, & increased power Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity to rise from poverty and gain fame, fortune, & status

New Navigation Technology Before the Renaissance, sailors did not have the technology to sail very long distances Increased trade and cultural diffusion during the Renaissance introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans

Technologies - Maps were more accurate and used longitude latitude - Astrolabe used stars to show direction - Magnetic compass made sailing more accurate

Portugal was the early leader in the Age of Exploration Prince Henry the Navigator started a school of navigation He recruited Europe’s best mapmakers and shipbuilders He wanted to discover new territories, find a quick trade route to Asia and expand Portugal’s power

Caravel European shipbuilders built a better ship: The caravel could travel in the open seas & in shallow water Caravels had triangular lateen sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind A moveable rudder made the caravel more maneuverable Cannons & rifles gave ships protection

Vasco Da Gama Prince Henry’s navigation school led the Portuguese to be the first to explore the west coast of Africa Vasco da Gama was the first explorer to find a direct trade route to Asia by going around Africa to get to India Portugal gained a sea route to Asia that brought them great wealth

Columbus Born in Genoa (Italy) between August and October 1451. His father was a weaver and small-time merchant. As a teenager Columbus travelled extensively and eventually made Portugal his home He initially attempted to gain royal patronage for a westward voyage to the Orient (East Indies)

Spain Agrees to the Voyage Columbus’ plan is rejected by the Portuguese as well as the French and English courts Finally, King Ferdinand Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor the expedition Columbus and his fleet of three ships, the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Niña, set sail across the Atlantic in August 1492

“New” World Columbus and a group of his men set foot on an island in what later became known as the Bahamas. Columbus believed that he had reached the East Indies and called the natives “Indians” Initial encounters between Columbus and the natives were friendly Indigenous populations all over the New World were soon to be devastated by their contact with Europeans in later years

Other Voyages Columbus landed on a number of other islands in the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola, and returned to Spain in triumph. He was made 'admiral of the Seven Seas' and viceroy of the Indies, and within a few months, set off on a second and larger voyage. More territory was covered, but the Asian lands that Columbus was aiming for remained elusive. The land was disputed whether this was in fact the Orient or a completely 'new' world. He died in May 1506 a wealthy but disappointed man.

Ferdinand Magellan Born in 1480 into a noble Portuguese family He sailed with the Portuguese naval fleet into East Africa (possibly as far as Indonesia) He fell out of favor with the Portuguese nobility and moved to Spain 1519 Charles I of Spain (soon to become Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire) authorized and funded his voyage around the world

Magellan’s Expedition The Spanish wanted a share in the valuable spice trade from the Moluccas, but the Portuguese controlled the eastwards route round southern Africa Began with a fleet of five vessels but only one ship returned Voyage was plagued with diminishing supplies, shipwrecks, mutiny, and crew members dying of scurvy and starvation Once in the Philippines Magellan was killed in 1521 in the Philippines after becoming involved in a battle between two rival local chieftains. One ship from the fleet eventually reached Spain in September 1522

Do Now: How would you react to explorers coming to your shores? Would you. . . - Welcome them with open arms? - Attack them? - Tolerate them but regard them with suspicion?

East Indies - 20, 000 islands between the Indian Ocean and the South China sea - Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines

Indian Ocean Trade was a system that connected China to SE Asia to India, Persian Gulf, and East Africa 650 -1000: Arabs dominated trade and spread language and religion throughout region 1000 -1500: THE world economy

Cultural Impacts - Diverse ethnic groups Spoke many languages Lacked strong governments Made Southeast Asians open to new cultures and ideas! - Indian merchants - Buddhist monks - Islam (Muslims ruled India)

Afonso de Albuquerque - Ruthless Portuguese fleet commander - Wanted access to the Straits of Malacca - direct access to Indonesia - Tricked the Malaccan sultan that he was coming to trade in “peace”

Portuguese Outposts • 1510 - Seized the island of Goa • 1511 - Seized/destroyed Malacca killed Muslim inhabitants • In India and China- sought permission to trade because those Empires were too powerful

Dutch challenge the Portuguese - Competition mounts between the Western European powers for dominance over trade routes in Southeast Asia - Dutch were first to challenge Portuguese and used sea power to establish colonies around the world - Conquer Malacca from the Portuguese forces in 1641 - Wealthy Dutch merchants established the Dutch East India Company (1602)

Korea

French vs. British in India 1526 - Babur founded Mughal Dynasty - Established a major economy based on cloth and silk making called Textile Manufacturing - Major decline of Mughal leaders to increased presence of British and French

England dominates India British and French East India Companies made alliances with local rajahs (Indian princes) - Each company had its own Sepoys (Indian Troops) which fought one another for dominance - 1759: Robert Clive of the British East India Company drove French from their trading posts and conquered Bengal during Seven Years War By 1700, the British East India Company was the real ruler of India

Discuss! The British and Dutch East Indian Companies increased their wealth exponentially. Do you believe that the economic gains were worth the costs to the local economies of Southeast Asia? Why or why not?

China during the Ming. . . Ming Dynasty ended its Overseas explorations in the mid-1400 s Since our empire owns the world Portuguese traders reached China by sea in 1514

Limited Trade Opportunities What could the Portuguese possibly offer the Chinese? - Chinese considered European products simple/ inferior - Portuguese had little to offer in exchange for silks and porcelains - Chinese demanded payment in either gold or silver - Ming eventually allow a Portuguese trading post at Macau

Qing Dynasty • In the early 1600 s, the Ming Dynasty was decaying • Revolts erupted • MANCHU invaders from the north pushed through the Great Wall • In 1644, Manchu invaders seized Beijing and made it their capital • MANCHU FORMED THE QING DYNASTY

Discuss! How would you characterize the laws established by the Qing Dynasty? (fair? unfair? ? ) Explain why.

Qianlong • Qianlong (1736 -1796) - China’s borders extended to its largest size - Interacts with British king George III in late 1700 s –New crops from the Americas like potatoes and corn boosted farm output –Population increased from 140 million in 1740 to over 300 million by 1800

Conditions for Trade #1: Qianlong does not open China to trade #2: Huge European demand for Chinese tea, silk, or porcelain pottery #3: Little Chinese demand for any European product except gold and silver #4: East Indian Company 28 million in debt due to Bengal conquest in late 1750 s #5: Huge demand for Chinese tea, but must be paid for in English silver

Opium Trade Routes 1700 s - British sells opium to Chinese smugglers - Chinese buy opium with SILVER - British buys tea from Chinese with SILVER they acquired

Do Now What were some of the main challenges

European Power around the Globe English and French established outposts/colonies in North America and

Spain and Portugal

Advantage over Indigenous Populations

Hernan Cortes Certain explorers followed after the success of Columbus’ voyages - 1519 Hernan Cortes arrived in Mexico - 600 men, 16 horses, and cannons Malinche (Dona Marina) as a translator, adviser, and to make alliances

Aztec Response - Aztecs believed that Hernan Cortes was a savior from Aztec overlords - Power struggles among the common Aztecs and upper class - Angered by ritual sarcrifice

Moctezuma Cortes a god? ? Believed to be Quetzalcoatl- the god-king who was believed to return to the empire Moctezuma sent gold and silver but his crew is unwelcomed Cortes pressed on to Tenochtitlan

Demise of the Aztecs BIG MISTAKE! - Cortes and his men were welcomed into the capital - Aztecs drove the Spanish from the city and Moctezuma was killed in battle - 1521: Cortes returned to capture the capital and the empire collapsed

Francisco Pizarro

Inca Response 1532: Pizarro arrived in Peru just after the Incan ruler Atahualpa won the throne after a bloody civil war with his brother Pizarro is able to enlist the help of Incan allies Atahualpa is captured and thousands of Incas are slaughtered

Murder of Atahualpa The Spanish demanded a huge ransom for Atahualpa’s release - Incas delivering the ransom - Spanish put Atahualpa to death - Spanish conquistadors overran the Inca heartland acquired much of South America as colonies

Spain builds a global empire 1500 s Spain claimed a vast empire stretching - California to South America (separated into 5 provinces) Council of the Indies represented by viceroys or regional representatives - Lesser officials and advisory councils oversaw the local communities

Portuguese Colony in Brazil Portugal gained Brazil by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 Portugal issued land to nobles who were to share profits with the crown Agricultural based economy due to lack of precious metals (main products were brazilwood, sugar, cattle)

Social Hierarchy Peninsulares: people born in Spain Creoles: American-born Spanish settlers Mestizos: people of Native American and European descent Mulattoes: people of African and European descent

The Catholic Church Conversion was an important goal of the Catholic Church Franciscans, Jesuits, and other missionaries built churches and baptized the native population Forced European culture on the native population Universities were established to meet the Church’s need for educated priests

Encomiendas Spain established major trade restrictions to maximize profits Government established plantations to grow and produce sugar cane Spanish government granted the conquistadors encomiendas, the right to demand forced labor from the Native Americans

Bartolome de las Casas - priest that came to the Americas and condemned the evils of the encomienda system - Spain passed the New Laws of the Indies in 1542, forbidding the enslavement of Native Americans - difficult to enforce and Natives became peons

Beginnings of Slave Trade - Las Casas suggested that Africans could be used to fill the labor shortage - The Spanish began bringing Africans as slave laborers to the Americas by the 1530 s - Slaves resisted being captured by rebelling or running away (some even “bought”) their freedom

Portuguese Outposts in Africa - 1400 s Portuguese ships explored the coast of West Africa looking for more direct passage to India - Eventually attacked the eastern coast of Africa and defeated the Arabs who controlled the East African trade network - 1600 the once profitable coastal cities sunk into poverty

Other Europeans - Dutch, English, and the French established forts on the western coast of Africa - Exchanged muskets, tools, and cloth for gold, ivory, hides, and slaves

Atlantic Slave Trade - The Arab Empire used slaves for centuries including Africans who were captured - 1500 s the slave trade expanded due to labor shortages in the Spanish colonies - Traders shipped tens of thousands of Africans to the Americans to work on sugar and tobacco plantations

African Slave Traders - Slave raids were conducted by African rulers and traders - Captives were taken the coastal trading posts and exchanged for textiles, rum, metalwork, tobacco, and gunpowder - Intensified as the need for labor expanded in Americas and desire for luxury goods increased in Africa

The Passage - Triangular Trade: first leg, merchant ships brought goods to Africa to be traded for slaves - Second leg (Middle Passage) the slaves were transported to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, molasses, and other products - Final leg, the products were shipped to Europe and European colonies in America

The Middle Passage

The Middle Passage • Crews attempted to keep as many slaves alive as possible to maximize profits, but treatment was extremely cruel –Some slaves refused to eat and crew members used tools to pry open their mouths and force-feed them –Sick slaves were cast overboard to prevent infection from spreading • During the early days of the slave trade, mortality rates were as high as 50% • As the volume of trade increased and conditions improved (bigger ships, more water, better nourishment and facilities), mortality eventually declined to about 5%

Alfonso I - Ruler of the Kongo who spoke out against slave trade - Educated by Portuguese missionaries and became king in 1505 - Called on the Portuguese to help him develop a modern Christian state - Became alarmed by the amount of slaves that were being purchased by Europeans and even missionaries!

Volume th th • Late 15 and 16 Century… 2, 000 Africans exported each year th • 17 Century… 20, 000 per year th • 18 Century… 55, 000 per year – 1780 s… 88, 000 per year