Age of Exploration New Global Connections 1415 1796

Age of Exploration New Global Connections 1415 -1796

Is this the Age of Exploration…or the Age of Invasion

Voyages to Discovery �What caused the Age of Exploration? Renaissance = spirit of discovery Search for wealth 1. 2. � � 3. People want to find a faster/cheaper way to India and China to get trade goods Three G’s: Gold, God, & Glory Advances in Technology �How can you get to India and China? �Sail east around Africa �New Idea- Sail west New World

Voyages to Discovery �New Technology developed to help calculate location �Compass �Astrolabe(Developed by Muslim Empires) �Explorers needed a ship that can hold large cargos and withstand heavy waves… �Caravel- was a light, fast sailing ship � Steered with rudder � Triangular Sails � Equipped with cannons

Who were the leaders of the Age of Exploration?

Early European Expeditions �Portugal, a small nation on the western edge of Spain led the way in exploration �Prince Henry the Navigator ultimate goal was to find a water route around Africa to India. � Portuguese Explorers 1. 2. 3. Bartolomeu Dias First European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope” Vasco de Gama First to make it to Calicut, India and back to Portugal Pedro Cabral Second trip to India, sailed to Brazil and Indonesia Lucrative trading posts

Early European Expeditions �After seeing the success and riches brought to nearby Portugal, King Ferdinand Queen Isabella of Spain helped finance certain voyages �Christopher Columbus (1492) � Columbus sails west to get to India…inventive idea but flawed because the Americas are in the way � Sails to Caribbean Islands…never actually reaches mainland United States � Finds “Indians” and he believes he found new route to India �Treaty of Tordesillas � Drew a line dividing the Portuguese and Spanish areas in the new world to avoid fighting/allow for vast land claims

Early European Expeditions �Amerigo Vespucci � First to realize that Columbus found a “New World” � Americas named after him. �Vasco Nunez de Balboa � Tried to find passage at Isthmus of Panama. � Spanish realize there’s another ocean to cross to get to India First to reach Pacific Ocean from New World �Ferdinand Magellan � Sails west to sail circumnavigate the globe � Left with 250 men, and returns with only 18 (Magellan dies during voyage)

Early English Expeditions �John Cabot � Sailed to Canada � Credited as being the first European in North America since the Vikings �Sir Francis Drake � Sailed to southern tip of South America and stopped over in modern day California(2 nd to circumnavigate the world) � Helped defeat the Spanish Armada in 1577 �Henry Hudson � Tried to find Northeast Passage, but found ice instead.

Early European Expeditions �France �Jacques Cartier (1534 – 1535) Sailed into the St. Lawrence River in Canada “New France” or Newfoundland � Fur Trade is very profitable. � �Dutch �Henry Hudson (Again, but for different country) Explored Hudson Bay, in search of Northwest Passage � Dutch East India Company founded in 1602 �

What were the effects of the Age of Exploration in Asia?

Europeans in China �Europeans wanted products from China but had little to offer in return �The Ming dynasty(1368 -1644) eventually allowed a trading post for the Portuguese, Dutch and English traders �Trade had to be conducted under the supervision of officials �At the end of each trading season, the Europeans had to leave � 1600 s Ming was growing weak and eventually fell to the Qing dynasty(1644 -1914)

Europeans in China �The Qing used the Ming policy of restricting foreign traders �However, the Europeans wanted to expand trade � 1793 Lord Mc. Cartney arrived in China from Britain on a diplomatic mission �He brought British made goods to show, but the meeting was a disaster due to several misunderstandings � Chinese asked Mc. Cartney to kowtow: (touch head to the ground) to show respect he refused and spoke English �The negotiations failed and China turn to isolation…in the long run this would be disastrous

Europeans in Korea and Japan �After numerous invasions by China and Japan, Korea decides to choose a policy of isolation �They excluded all foreigners except a small number of Chinese and Japanese officials �Japan originally welcomed Westerners because of their advanced weapons �These weapons helped the Tokugawa centralize the government �The Japanese also welcomed the printing press �As time went on, the Tokugawa grew hostile toward the foreigners, and in 1638 turned to isolation as well �Japan barred all European merchants from entering the country and outlawed the building of large ships lasted for

European Conquests in the Americas How did the Age of Exploration impact Native Americans?

First Encounters �Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies in 1492 The Encounter � The Taínos lived in small farming villages, and were friendly to the Spanish. Despite this, Columbus’s men were hostile. � They claimed the land for Spain and killed any who resisted. �Conquistadors who arrived in the new world followed this pattern. � A cycle began in which Spanish conquerors seized Native American gold and killed vast numbers of people. � The deaths were a result of both force and disease. Native Americans lacked immunity to European illnesses.

Columbian Exchange �Contact between the Native Americans and colonists have led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease. �This is known as the Columbian Exchange � The Spanish had guns, cannons, and metal armor. � They also brought horses, which Native Americans had never seen. � But the biggest factor was disease. Smallpox, influenza, and measles killed up to 90 percent of the native population. � The Native Americans had maize, potatoes and tobacco but also spread diseases like syphilis

Mercantilism �Mercantilism is a economic policy where a colonial power controls the trade of a territory it controls � Colonies are required to produce raw materials gold, silver, wood etc. � Those goods are then shipped back home to the Mother Country � Then are returned to the territory and sold back to those who harvested the raw materials �A mercantilist colony’s sole job is to serve the Mother Country

Spanish Invaders �Hernán Cortés landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519 � He planned to conquer the Aztecs and headed to Tenochtitlan, initially the Spanish were welcomed. � The Spanish tried to convert the Aztecs to Christianity and imprisoned Montezuma(king) � In 1521 Cortés captured and destroyed Tenochtitlan �Francisco Pizarro was inspired by Cortés to conquer the Inca empire in Peru in 1532, after an Inca civil war. � The Inca ruler, refused to convert to Christianity. The Spanish captured and eventually killed him. � Like Cortés, Pizarro benefited from superior weapons and diseases that killed millions of natives.

How did European countries influence the America’s?

Ruling the America’s �Spain controlled a huge empire by the mid-1500 s. �Spain divided its conquered lands in the Americas into four provinces. �The king appointed viceroys to rule in the provinces �Cultural blending changed people’s lives in the Americas. �One of Spain’s main goals in the Americas was to spread Christianity. �They built churches, taught the Spanish language, and introduced

Ruling the America’s �Spanish planters introduced sugar cane to the West Indies, soon became highly profitable. � Plantations required a large number of workers � Under the encomienda system, the Spanish could force Native Americans to work in mines and on plantations. � Disease, starvation, and brutal conditions contributed to a sharp decline in the Native American population. � Spanish colonial society was made up of rigid social classes. �The Spanish first brought Africans to the Americas in the 1530 s. � Millions were forced to work as slaves in the fields, mines, and households of landowners.

French Expansion Begins �France claimed vast amounts of land in North America during the 1500 s. �The nation called these claims New France. �French missionaries followed the explorers, attempting to convert Native Americans to Christianity. �Despite large French land claims and wide exploration, settlement was slow. �The first permanent settlement was not founded until 1608. �Farming was hard in the cold Canadian climate, so many settlers became fur trappers and traders.

English Expansion Begins �England established colonies along the Atlantic seaboard in the 1600 s. �The English founded their first permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. �The settlement was organized by an English company hoping to gain wealth from the New World. �The Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts in 1620 �The English established additional colonies in New York, Massachusetts, Maryland Pennsylvania in the 1600 -1700’s

Conflict in the Colonies �European powers in North America began to fight to protect and expand their interests �The two main rivals were France and England. �The French and Indian War erupted between them in 1754 which was part of a worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years’ War. �France won several victories early on, but when the British troops captured Quebec, New France soon fell. �In 1763, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the war and established British dominance in North America.

The Atlantic Slave Trade What led to the growth of the African Slave Trade? High demand for labor…. paired with a shortage of labor

The Atlantic Slave Trade �A series of trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas arose during the 1500 s. � This was known as triangular trade � The Atlantic slave trade, in which slaves were transported to America, was one part of the triangle. �Triangular trade helped colonial economies grow. � Merchants and certain industries thrived. For example, shipbuilding and tobacco growing were very lucrative. � Port cities such as Bristol in England Newport, Rhode Island, grew quickly as a result.

3. Finally, merchants carried goods from America to Europe— sugar, cotton, furs. 1. First, ships brought European goods to Africa—guns, 2. Slaves were cloth, cash. transported to the Americas on the second leg, known as the Middle Passage.

Atlantic Slave Trade �Africans captives were taken from villages in the interior and forced to walk in chains to coastal ports. �The Middle Passage was a terrible journey in which many people died lasted 3 -6 weeks/50% survival rate �Once on the ships, Africans were packed below the decks for a long voyage of weeks or months. �Slave ships faced many dangers and horrors on their journeys. �Slave ships were “floating coffins” in which up to half of the Africans on board died, often from smallpox or suicide

Impact of the Slave Trade �The impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africans was devastating. �African states and societies were torn apart �As many as 2 million Africans died during the brutal Middle Passage. �Some 11 million enslaved Africans were taken to the Americas by the time the slave trade ended in the mid-1800 s.