Age of European Exploration and Conquests 1492 1600s

Age of European Exploration and Conquests 1492 -1600’s (Old Meets New)

Earlier Explorations 1. Arab traders & the Spice Trade Middle East/East Africa--India 2. A New Player Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. 3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet” SE Asia, India, Arabia and Africa

Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371 -1435

Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Motives for European Exploration 1. Cut out Italian and Muslim middlemen in trade with Asia 2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3. Reformation missionaries (God) 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. (Gold) 5. Technological advances. 6. Fame and fortune (for individuals) (Glory)

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

School for Captains • Taught the latest technical skills • Navigation • Cartography skills • Sailing techniques • How to captain a ship • Everything to know about their ship and crew

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

Portuguese Maritime Empire 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 -southern tip of Africa-Cape of Good Hope 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498. Calicut. (east coast of India) 4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

Christofo Colon [1451 -1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • Why is Columbus so important in the big picture? • What will be the lasting impact of the Columbian Exchange on the global scale? • Effect on Caribbean and Native American populations? • Effect on Africa?

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conq u istad ores si is M Perm a Sett nent lers on ar ie s European Colony

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

European Empires in the Americas

Treasures from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans (Arab-Islamic slave trade) 2. Portuguese began African slave trade in 1400’s First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish to Americas in 1518 Labor shortage due to Native Americans dying or running away For use on plantations and in the mines 275, 000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas (African Diaspora)

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulatto s Black Slaves

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3. Papal agreement.

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Our Lady of Guadalupe

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws 1542

New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. 4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

England seeks its fortune in New World • English in competition with Spanish, French and Dutch • east coast of North America • Really get going after defeat of Spanish Armada (1588) • Virginia-Jamestown first permanent settlement • Pilgrims-Puritans at Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony

FRANCE • Explore and settle lands along the St. Lawrence River (Canada) • Establishment of Quebec and Montreal • French trappers and missionaries explore the Great Lakes and Mississippi River valley all the way down to Gulf of Mexico • Settlement pattern different than Spanish and English because of environment

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease 2. Introduction of African slave trade 3. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate 4. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”] 5. Establishment of colonies to provide resources for mother country 6. Deepened colonial rivalries

5. New Patterns of World Trade