AFRICAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAP HY The Nile River Longest

AFRICAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAP HY

The Nile River • Longest River in the World • White Nile and Blue Nile meet in Sudan to form the Nile River • Flows northward, emptying in the Mediterranean Sea • Without the annual flooding in Egypt land would not be arable

THE NILE The Nile RIVER Lower Nile Upper Nile

SUEZ CANAL • Located in Egypt • Divides the mainland Egypt from the Sinai Peninsula • Connects the Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea • One third the distance that it was

SUEZ CANAL

SAHARA DESERT • Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world • Why 1. On the Tropic of Cancer 2. Permanent high pressure system 3. Rain Shadow by Atlas Mountains

SAHARA DESERT • There are two main types of landscape in the Sahara – Erg – sand dunes – Reg – gravel covered

SAHEL • Semi-arid region just south of the Sahara • Dry grasslands with scattered trees • Desertification is a growing problem – Growing of the desert caused by climate changes and over grazing

SAVANNAS • Tropical grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs • This is where many of the African Safaris take place • Large populations of wildlife • Serengeti – means “endless plains” – Largest mammal migration and game

Tsetse Fly The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly • Bad – Carries a disease the make its victims (humans and domesticated animal) have “Sleeping Sickness” • Good – Wildlife are immune. Humans and livestock avoid some of these areas creating a

CONGO RIVER BASIN • Located near the equator in central and western Africa • This is where the majority of Africa’s tropical rain forests are located

The Great Rift Valley • Located in Eastern Africa • Largest Rift Valley in the world • Caused by the diverging Indian Tectonic Plate • Surrounding lakes and rivers are very deep

Mount Kilimanjaro: • Africa’s highest mountain at 19, 341 feet • Located on the Equator in Tanzania near Kenya • Formed by volcanic activity from the Great Rift Valley • Only year round snow capped mountain in Africa – Known in Swahili as

Lake Victoria • Located in the middle of the Great Rift Valley of Eastern Africa • It is a shallow depression • Largest lake in Africa

Victoria Falls • Forms a border between Zambia and Zimbabwe • Largest waterfall in the world

Okavango Swamp/River • Worlds largest inland river delta • River is absorbed by the Kalahari Desert • Large game reserve in the desert

Kalahari Desert • Largest Desert in southern Africa • Has many oasis which makes it habitable • Oasis – vegetated areas in a desert caused by fresh water springs

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE • Southern mot point of Africa • Converging currents from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans make waters dangerous for sailing but great wildlife Only Place in the world Great Whites breach South African Penguins

Africa Physical Geography • • • Mediterranean Sea Strait of Gibraltar Suez Canal Red Sea Gulf of Aden Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Congo River Nile River Lake Victoria • • • Atlas Mountains Ahaggar Mountains Mount Kilimanjaro Sahara Desert Sahel Great Rift Valley Victoria Falls Okavango River Kalahari Desert Cape of Good Hope

Southern Africa

Why is– Swaziland not Lesotho is a political enclave (Country within a country) an enclave?

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE • Cape of Good Hope is often considered the southern most point of Africa – Cape Agulhas is 50 miles south (the true southern point) Only place in the world Great Whites breach South African Penguins

Southern African Tribal History • Bantu tribe – First in the region in A. D. 100 – Hunter-gatherers and herders – First to learn how to make iron tools • Zimbabwe tribe – Farmers and raised cattle • Sotho tribe established in the 1800’s in what is now the country of Lesotho • Zulu tribe was established to the east – 1820’s Zulu kingdom grow under leadership of Shaka Zulu

European’s in South Africa • Portuguese first sailed the shores of Africa in search of a trade route to Asia in the late 1400’s. – Due to dense vegetation, disease, and no navigable river they never settled inland

European’s in South Africa • 1652 Dutch settled the Cape of Good Hope – Later German’s and French joined (sympathized with Nazi’s in WWII) – Called Boers - Dutch word for farmers • They later became known as Afrikaners • Their language was a combination of European and native words called Afrikaans Dutch = Boers = Afrikaners

South African History • British overtook the coast of South Africa in the 1814 – The Afrikaners moved into the interior • Afrikaners fought Bantu tribes for land

• 1866 a boy found a 21. 25 carat stone • It was named the Eureka Stone The Eureka Stone – “I have found it” • South Africa is the world’s leading producer of gold • They are fifth in Diamond production Kimberly mine caved in 1873 after just a couple years of digging

BOER WAR – Both the British and the Afrikaners (Boers) wanted control of the region’s wealth • Boer War 1899 -1902

British/Afrikaner Conflict Many Bores (Afrikaners) were placed in concentration camps by the British during and after the war Afrikaners never forgave the British for their treatment

APARTHEID • 1912 African Nation Congress (ANC) was formed – Helped black rights • Native Land Act 1913 (by Afrikaners) – first offical separation of blacks and white in South African • 1948 Afrikaner Government took over – Apartheid becomes law – separates black and white South African’s

Nelson Mandela became the leader of the ANC – 1964 he was arrested • U. S. and other countries placed sanctions - boycott on economic goods and services with S. A. – 1990 he was released – 1994 became first black president • Mandela ended Apartheid and reformed the government (African Nation Congress) South African History

TODAY SOUTH AFRICA has the highest GDP in Africa

POVERTY IS STILL A MAJOR PROBLEM

HIV • South Africa has the largest population with HIV in the world – 5. 7 million people have HIV – 350, 000 die each year

SPORTS IN SOUTH AFRICA ALL SURFERS

WESTERN

Tribal Empires • Three major empires of Western Africa are the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai • Why would their location lead to economic growth?

Ghana Empire • At A. D. 800 Ghana is one of earliest empire • Gold, cloths, food and slaves were the primary trade • Islam was brought through trade route • A. D. 1200 the Mali became the most powerful • Tombouctou (Timbuktu)– became the primate city for the Mali empire

SLAVERY • Some forms of slavery has existed in Africa for as long as there has been written history • Many tribes were in competition for the same hunting grounds and water sources, thus warfare was common – The defeated were killed (men) or

SLAVERY CONTINUE • Europeans came to the West coast of Africa in the late 1400’s – WHY? – Trade route to Asia • Why did the Europeans stay on the coast? 1. Few navigable rivers 2. They were sailors 3. The natives caught the slaves for them for trade 4. Malaria

Mid dl e Pa ssa ge

COLONIALISM AND THE SLAVE TRADE

Major Issues of Sub-Saharan Africa 1. Poverty – Poor to no industry – Drought 2. Civil War. Tribal conflict – Colonization • Berlin Conference – Political Corruption • Diamonds, gold, world support

World Map of H. I. V 3. Diseases - HIV - Malaria