African Kingdoms Mediterranean Sea Nile River Sahara Desert

African Kingdoms Mediterranean Sea Nile River Sahara Desert Red Sea African rainforest Great Rift Valley Atlantic Ocean Kalahari Desert Indian Ocean

Human Migration from the Great Rift Valley

Migration • Migration -permanent movement of people from one place to another. • Push Pull Factors – Pull Factors attract people to another location – Push Factors cause people to leave a region

African Trade Routes SALT GOLD

Map showing the approximate distribution of Bantu vs. other Niger-Congo languages. Bantu-speaking people migrated south, from Nigeria Today 1/3 of Africans speak a Bantubased language. Bantu means “the people”

Kingdom of Ghana • 700 -1076 AD • Gold and salt trade • Moved east looking for gold • Rulers convert to Islam in 11 th century. Ghana Empire at its greatest extent.

Kingdom of Mali • Mali means “where the king lives” • 1235 -1400 AD • Moved east looking for gold Mali empire at its greatest extent

• Sundiata becomes mansa (emperor), peaceful kingdom • Mansa Musa, Muslim leader, expands empire – hajj (pilgrimage), & built mosques. – Divided Mali into provinces, assigns governors, easier to rule. – Timbuktu important trading city. Kingdom of Mali Mansa Musa holding a golden nugget.

Sankore mosque Terracotta Archer figure and horseman figure from Mali (13 th-15 th century). Tuaregs were and still are an integral part of the salt trade across the Sahara

Mosque of Djenne

Kingdom of Songhai The Songhai Empire at its greatest extent. The tomb of Askia • Kingdom expands due to Gold in the east. • Songhai Empire-1400 & 1500 AD. • Rulers – Sunni Ali, Askia Muhammad – expands empire • Songhai fell to Morrocans. • Ended 1, 000 year period of African Rule.

Islam and Christianity in Africa • Roman empire spreads Christianity to Africa between 632 - 750 AD. • Islam spreads through Africa by trade and conquest.