African Civilizations Ghana Mali Songhai and East Africa

African Civilizations Ghana, Mali, Songhai and East Africa

African Civilizations Eoearth. org

African Civilizations The three Sahelian Kingdoms are Ghana, Mali and Songhai Geography West Africa Atlas Mountains—northwest Africa Sahara Desert—Sahara in Arabic means desert Sahel—a dry hot region with fertile areas and grasslands

African Civilizations Desmogblog. com

African Civilizations Desmogblog. com En. qantara. de

African Civilizations Metmuseum. org

African Civilizations How did Ghana arise? Ghana arose in the 4 th century Much of north Africa was dominated by the Berbers they were a nomadic, indigenous people responsible for the spread of Islam across North Africa

African Civilizations Government Kumbi Saleh The capital of the Ghana empire was located at the edge of the Sahel. It was the southern terminus of trade routes from northern Africa. The kingship of Ghana was matrilineal meaning The king’s sister provided the heir to the throne

African Civilizations Trade Some traded items were gold, salt, copper and slaves. What was important about salt? Preserving food

African Civilizations Taghaza was the salt-mining center of the western Sahara “This is a village with nothing good about it. It is the most fly-ridden of places. ” —Ibn Battuta Lasalle. edu

African Civilizations Ghana’s Decline Almoravids, a type of Berber group initiated a Jihad (Holy War) against the empire of Ghana in 1075

African Civilizations The Golden Age of Ghana and Mali http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Np. ZMApcq. VTk

African Civilizations Niger River Valley Blessedhopeacademy. com

African Civilizations Sundjata founder of Mali (1230 -1255) --Began as a royal slave and magician of the Soso, inherited the Ghanian empire --According to traditions he seized territories through which gold was traded --Introduced the cultivation and weaving of cotton

African Civilizations Mansa Musa (1312— 1337) --Devout Muslim --Pilgrimage to Mecca 1324 --24, 000 lbs. of gold --500 servants each carrying a six pound staff made of gold Digitalhistory. uh. edu

African Civilizations Muslimheritage. com

African Civilizations Desmogblog. com Eoearth. org Time. com

African Civilizations Ibn Battuta Travels Faculty. mnu. edu

African Civilizations Timbuktu of the Mali Empire http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 j. R 2 Ne. K 9 f 9 o

African Civilizations 1000 Years of West African Superpowers http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=BEqqmm. Y 6 b. Lo

African Civilizations Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires Museumafrica. org

African Civilizations Sunni Ali (r. 1464 -1492) —Turns Gao from a kingdom into the Songhai Empire —He conquers Timbuktu and Jenne —Pushes the Berbers further north

African Civilizations Askia Muhammad Toure (r. 1493 -1528) —A fervent Muslim, he replaces native Songhai administrators with Arab Muslims to Islamize society. —He standardize weights, measures and currency. —He creates an elaborate bureaucracy to oversee his empire. Theafricanmessenger. org

African Civilizations Decline and Collapse Revolt was the main cause of Songhai’s demise The Moroccans defeated Songhai in 1591

African Civilizations East African Coast Periplus of the Erythraean Sea A sailor’s guide written by an Egyptian Greek merchant sometime between 40 -50 CE. Geography Openlibrary. org Monsoon Winds November-March, east/west winds Arabs, Hindus and other Asians visited East Africa May-September, west/east winds East Africans traded ivory, shells, copper, animal skins, gold, slaves, rhinoceros horn and coconut oil.

African Civilizations Monsoon Winds • Monsoon, by definition, is a wind system that changes wind direction seasonally. During the winter, the large continent of Asia gets extremely cold and the Siberian high pressure develops. Air flow is offshore and dry. During the summer, the continent develops low pressure in response to heating and the airflow reverses. Moisture-laden air from the ocean is brought inland where it rises over the terrain and produces extremely large amounts of rainfall. http: //web. gccaz. edu/~lnewman/gph 111/topic_units/Pressure_winds/pressure 2. html

African Civilizations Monsoon Winds Chinese-unicorn. com

African Civilizations East African Coast Human Geography Many on the east African coast were Bantu Between 500 -600 A. D. the Bantu moved from the interior to the coast of Africa + Swahili People of Arab descent

African Civilizations East African Coast Human Geography Europeans arrived on the East African coast in the late 15 th century. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 -1460) and the Europeans had a defined set of goals: 1) Tap Asian trade and avoid paying the high prices demanded by Venetians. 2) Secure a direct trade route to the gold south of the Muslim controlled areas 3) Establish political and economic links with African Christendom, Prester John

African Civilizations Great Zimbabwe National Monument http: //whc. unesco. org/en/list/364/video

African Civilizations Great Zimbabwe Geography Great Zimbabwe covered a huge area between the Limpopo River and the Zambezi River, spilling out into Mozambique and Botswana, as well as the Transvaal area of northern South Africa. The wealth of Great Zimbabwe lay in cattle production and gold. There a number of mines to the west of Great Zimbabwe, about 40 kilometers away. Economics One theory about their wealth was that the rulers of Great Zimbabwe did not have direct control over the gold mines, but rather managed the trade in it, buying up huge quantities in exchange for cattle. Decline One is environmental: that a combination of overgrazing and drought caused the soil on the Zimbabwe Plateau to become exhausted. It is estimated that between 5, 000 to 30, 000 people lived on and around the site. http: //www. bbc. co. uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10 chapter 1. shtml

African Civilizations Great Zimbabwe Decline the people of Great Zimbabwe had to move in order to maximize their exploitation of the gold trade network. http: //www. bbc. co. uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10 chapter 1. shtml

African Civilizations Kilwa Kisiwani, was occupied from the 9 th to the 19 th century and reached its peak of prosperity in the 13 th and 14 th centuries. Gold and ivory from the hinterland was traded for silver, carnelians, perfumes, Persian faience and Chinese porcelain. Kilwa Kisiwani minted its own currency in the 11 th to 14 th centuries. The Great Mosque was constructed in the 11 th century and considerably enlarged in the 13 th century by Sultan Soulaiman ibn Mohammed el Malik el Adil (1412 -22). It was roofed entirely with domes and vaults, some decorated with embedded Chinese porcelain. It is the oldest standing mosque on the East African coast and, with its sixteen domed and vaulted bays, has a unique plan. Its true great dome dating from the 13 th was the largest dome in East Africa until the 19 th century. http: //whc. unesco. org/en/list/144

African Civilizations Kilwa World Monuments Fund Conservation at Kilwa https: //www. wmf. org/video/kilwa-kisiwani-tanzania

African Civilizations Mombassa In Kiswahili, it is called Kisiwa Cha Mvita, which means "Island of War" due to the many changes in its ownership. It was originally inhabited by the African Bantu people. The city was then visited by Jordanians in 6 th century, Persians in the 9 th and 10 th century and thereafter Arabs. The Arabs and Persians developed trading routes and explorer Vasco de Gama landed in the city. The Portuguese built the impressive Fort Jesus and dominated the entrance to the old harbor, between 1593 and 1598. The Arabs made several attempts to regain the town but, the Portuguese, supported mainly by supplies from their Indian colony, Goa, hung onto it for around 100 years. The occupiers were finally defeated in the siege of Fort Jesus which began in March 1696. Portuguese and Indian soldiers eventually relieved the Fort in September 1697. http: //www. africanexecutive. com/modules/magazine/articles. php? article=859

Mombasainfo. com African Civilizations Bigtree. Kenya. com

African Civilizations Pemba Island Pemba known as Al Jazeera Al Khadra, the green island, in Arabic is an island forming part of the Zanzibar archipelago, lying off the east coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. Pemba’s inhabitants partly descended from traders from the Persian Gulf region who settled on the island beginning in the 10 th century. The Portuguese occupied the island in the 16 th century but were displaced by Omani Arabs in 1698. Pemba was seized by the Sultan of Muscat (now Oman). The Sultan of Muscat (now Oman) was so enchanted by the Spice Islands that he installed himself in Zanzibar and ruled Muscat from there.

African Civilizations Pemba Island known as the Spice Islands, they were once the world's largest producer of cloves. While that's given way to tourism as the main industry on Unguja, on Pemba spices — mainly cloves but also pepper and nutmeg — are still grown in large quantities and are by far the most important source of income. Pembafoundation. org

African Civilizations The Swahili Cities of East Africa http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rm 0 g. N 5 TRNy. E