African American English Phonology Syntax Vocabulary NOT in

African American English Phonology Syntax Vocabulary [NOT in FR&H] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 442 -446.

AAE Phonology 1 r-deletion (not unique to AAE) guard god sore saw Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 443 -444.

AAE Phonology 2 l-deletion all help (some speakers) awe hep Consonant cluster simplification (not unique) passed pass meant men Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 444.

AAE Phonology 3 Neutralization of [ ] and [ ] before nasals (not unique) pin pen tin ten Loss of interdental fricatives (not unique) thing fing Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, this, that, these, those [d] 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 444.

AAE Syntax 1 Multiple negatives (not unique to AAE) He don’t know nothing. Deletion of the verb ‘be’ SAE AAE He is nice / He nice He’s nice Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 445.

AAE Syntax 2 Habitual ‘be’ John be happy. John happy. He be late. He late. John is always happy. John is happy now. He is habitually late. He is late this time. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 445 -446.

AAE Vocabulary Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams do not discuss this at all.

Lakoff’s Women’s Language More hedges I suppose, I would imagine, This is probably wrong but… More tag questions He’s not a very good actor, is he? Words showing politeness please, thank you Intensifying adjectives really, so Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 449.

Labov’s Department Store Study Saks High end Macy’s In the middle Klein’s Low end Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. P. 450 -451.

Lingua Francas around the World Mediterranean (Historically) Greek Latin Provencal/Italian original Lingua Franca East Africa Swahili West Africa Hausa India Hindi / English China Mandarin (also Standard) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 453 -454.

Pidgin “A pidgin language…is a lingua franca which has no native speakers. ” Peter Trudgill. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, third edition. London: Penguin Books, 1995, p. 157.

Creole “When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community as its native tongue, and children learn it as a first language, that language is called a creole; the pidgin has become creolized. ” Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 425.

Shakespeare in Pidgin/Creole Julius Caesar (Act III, Scene 2) Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. Krio Padi dem, kohntri, una ohl wey dey na Rom. Meyk una ohl kak una yeys. A kam ber Siza, a noh kam preyz am. Tok Pisin Pren, man bolong Rom, Wantok, harim nau. Mi kam tasol long plantim Kaesar. Mi noken beiten longen. David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 335.

Code switching Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in English and termino en español. I mean, c’est un idiot, ce mec-là. Johan hat mir gesagt that you were going to leave. 我們昨天去看的move was really amazing. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 461 -462.

Styles “Most speakers of a language speak one way with friends, another on a job interview or presenting a report in class, another talking to small children, another with their parents, and so on. These ‘situation dialects’ are called styles or registers. ” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 469.

Slang “Slang is something that nearly everyone uses and recognizes, but nobody can define precisely. ” “It is more metaphorical, playful, elliptical, vivid, and shorter-lived than ordinary language. ” Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 470.

Slang freshmanolder slang, now general mob ditto fan more recent slang, now general phone ditto TV ditto barf fairly recent slang space out ditto rip-off ditto beat it still slang (since Shakespeare) Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language, sixth edition. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 427.

Taboo Words / Topics Sex Religion Bodily functions Race Death Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 471 -473.

Language Changes Depending on Social Factors Where talk takes place (Physical setting) Who you talk to (Interlocutors) What you talk about (Register) Medium used Level of formality (Style)

Social Context Factors Social background Ethnic group Gender Age Educational background Formality

Differences in Language Different languages Different dialects (AAE) Lingua Franca Pidgins and Creoles Styles Slang Jargon and Argot (Register) Taboo words Euphemisms