AFRICA Jambo http www youtube comwatch vv Ur

AFRICA Jambo - http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Ur. Ve. RGo 5 IM&feature=related 1 Photo – National Geographic

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Vagabonds Tramping Through East Africa

WEEK KENYA EAST 5: AFRICA EGYPT Week 6: Egypt Week 5: Kenya KENYA Week 4: Tanzania (2) Week 3: Tanzania (1) Week 2: Zimbabwe Week 1: living in Africa TANZANIA ANGOLA ZIMBABWE SOUTH AFRICA

KENYA TODAY’S TOPICS Geography, History & Statistics Geologic Overview Safari Across Kenya 6

KENYA GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY

KENYA GEOGRAPHY

KENYA GEOGRAPHY KENYA

KENYA GEOGRAPHY Ethiopia Sudan les mi 700 Uganda les i m 0 64 Somalia Surrounded 225, 000 sq by mi 5 countries (84% Texas) Indian Ocean Tanzania

KENYA GEOGRAPHY Mt. Elgon (13 th tallest peak in Africa- 14, 177 ft) (Extension of the Serengeti) Lake Turkana (world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake) S ND LA W LO Maasai Mara Nat’l Reserve Equator Great Rift Valley Mt. Kenya (2 nd tallest peak in Africa- 17, 057 ft) HIGHLANDS Mt. Kilimanjaro Lake Victoria (2 nd largest freshwater lake in world) -13, 000+ -10, 000 - 7, 000 - 4, 000 (tallest peak in Africa- 19, 341 ft)

KENYA GEOGRAPHY RAINFALL TERRAIN High potential for WEATHERING & EROSION Note drainage off of high plateau High rainfall areas

KENYA GEOGRAPHY POPULATION ECOSYSTEMS

KENYA NATIONAL PARKS/RESERVES NATIONAL PARKS & RESERVES OF KENYA

KENYA FLAG Flag Description • black symbolizes the majority population • red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom • green stands for natural wealth • white for peace • shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom

BRIEF KENYA HISTORY • Around 500 BC pastoralists migrated from present-day Southern Sudan into Kenya • Bantu from Nigeria/ Cameroon arrived in 1 st millennium • Arab and Persian settlements sprouted along the coast by the 8 th century • Arabs built Mombasa into a major port city • 1414 local Arab Sultan initiated diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty and in 1498 welcomed Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama • European exploration of the interior began in the 19 th century; British build Kenya–Uganda railway from 1890 to 1900 • British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895

BRIEF KENYA HISTORY • early part of the 20 th century, the interior central highlands settled by European farmers, who became wealthy farming coffee and tea (“Out of Africa”) • 1952 -1959, Kenya under a state of emergency; Mau rebellion against British rule • 1963 - Peaceful independence attained; used a constitution inherited from the British • 1964 Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya African National Union, first president; same day war breaks out with Somalia • 1978 - Kenyatta's death; Daniel arap Moi became President; won all elections until 2002, then constitutionally barred from running • 2010 a new constitution adopted and included a Bill of Rights

KENYA DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC STATISTICS

STATISTICAL COMPARISON SIZE (X Texas) DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) people/sq mile indiginous tribes european extraction mixed, Indian/Asian median age (years) life expectancy (2008) life expectancy (1990) LANGUAGES (official) RELIGIONS Christian Tribal ANGOLA 2 X S. A. 2 X 18 25 49 104 12 57 43 110 43 174. 1 95% 80% 98% 98% 2% 9% 3% 11% 18 24 38 years 50 years 40 years 62 years Portuguese 11/(Eng) 88% 7% 80% 15% ZIMBABWE TANZANIA ½X 1. 4 X 1% 1% 19 38 years 60 years 3/(Eng) 85% 14% KENYA. 84 x 1% 1% 18 18. 8 51 years 55 54 years Swahili, Eng 30% 35% 78% 10%

STATISTICAL COMPARISON Tribal Hindu/Jewish/Muslim EDUCATION literacy (adults) primary (% complete) ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) GDP: mining GDP: oil/gas GDP: tourism NATURAL RESOURCES arable land oil reserves (mil barrels) gas reserves (trillion ft 3) 7% 5% 15% 5% 14% 1% 35% 10% 12% 40 -65% 35% 96% 77% 92% 50% 78% 62% 87. 4% 58% $9, 000 11% 85% -- $10, 100 6% -12% $500 20% -9% $1, 500 4% -16% $1, 808 -* 10. 8% 3% 9, 040 12% 15 8% -- 4% -- 9% * 9. 3 0. 32 -- 10 -25 * diamond reserves (bil ct) 0. 18 1. 1 >3 0. 05 -coal reserves (bill tons) -54 30 1. 5 -other fish, coffee platium, gold platium gold, tanzanite Tea, Coffee, ANGOLA ZIMBABWE TANZANIA KENYA S. A.

STATISTICAL COMPARISON SIZE (X Texas) DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) people/sq mile indiginous tribes ANGOLA 2 X S. A. 2 X 18 25 49 104 12 57 43 110 43 174. 1 95% 80% 98% 98% european extraction 2% 9% mixed, Indian/Asian 3% 11% median age (years) 18 24 life expectancy (2008) 38 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 40 years 62 years LANGUAGES (official) Portuguese 11/(Eng) RELIGIONS Christian 88% 80% Tribal 7% 15% Hindu/Jewish/Muslim 5% 5% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 40 -65% 96% primary (% complete) 35% 77% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $9, 000 $10, 100 GDP: mining 11% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 3% 12% oil reserves (mil barrels) ZIMBABWE TANZANIA ½X 1. 4 X 1% 1% 19 38 years 60 years 3/(Eng) KENYA. 84 x 1% 1% 18 18. 8 51 years 55 54 years Swalihi, Eng 85% 14% 1% 30% 35% 78% 10% 12% 92% 50% 78% 62% 87. 4% 58% $500 20% -9% $1, 500 4% -16% $1, 808 -* 10. 8% 8% 4% 9% -- -- * 9, 040 15 ft 3) 9. 3 0. 32 -- 10 -25 * diamond reserves (bil ct) coal reserves (bill tons) 0. 18 1. 1 54 >3 30 0. 05 1. 5 --- gas reserves (trillion other fish, coffee platium, gold ANGOLA SOUTH AFRICA platium Tea, Coffee, Fresh gold, tanzanite Flowers ZIMBABWE TANZANIA KENYA 55 years better LONGEVITY 78%/10%/ 12% Increasing Ethnic Tensions 10. 8% improving TOURISM Up 35% Growing EXPORTS

GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW

KENYA GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW

KENYA GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW FROM LAST WEEK East Africa Rift System

KENYA GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW East Africa Rift System

KENYA GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW • Geologic Map is the surface expression of the rocks underlying the vegetation and soil • Colors represent the age of the rocks and sometimes the types of rocks • It doesn’t necessarily tell us how those rocks got there • To understand the source of the rocks is equivalent to unraveling a CSI case!

KENYA GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW “volcanic deposits can develop into some of the richest agricultural lands on earth” Professor Emeritus Richard V. Fisher, UCSB • Let’s start unraveling this mess! • Understand the main regions/zones • Orange-”basement” material-ancient craton • Faulting gives cluesblack • Let’s overlay volcanoes and see what tells us-grey/blue Let’s go look and see if that’s true… • Weathering of volcanics and basement yields sediments-yellow

VOLCANOES

VOLCANOES “A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface” 29

VOLCANOES 3 KEY TYPES OF VOLCANO STRUCTURES 1. Fissure Vent 30 2. Shield Volcano 3. Stratovolcano

VOLCANOES 1. Fissure Vent • a linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity Columbia Rivercan cause • Fissure vents 42, 000 cu mi large flood basalts • Fissures are usually found in or along rift zones • Ex: Columbia River Flood 31 Basalt Province Siberian Traps, 360, 000 cu mi Deccan Traps, India 180, 000 cu mi 63, 000 sq mi, up to 6, 000 ft deep!

VOLCANOES 2. Shield Volcano • resembling a warrior's shield (wide, low profile) Mauna Kea is 13, 796 ft asl BUT from seafloor, it is 33, 500 ft high, taller than Mt. Everest! • low viscosity magma that flows long distances • Known for erupting for decades/centuries or longer • Typical hotspot lava flows • Ex: Mauna Kea 32 Mauna Kea, Hawaii Shield Volcano

EARTH’S HOTSPOTS Russia Yellowstone Super -volcano Raton-Clayton Canada Volcanic Field, NM n a p Ja Change in direction, 43 mya USA Hawaiian Hotspot Alaska PACIFIC PLATE • Hotspots fed by narrow streams of hot mantle rising from the Earth's core-mantle boundary in a structure called a mantle plumes • 45 identified on earth • Most oceanic hotspot volcanoes are basaltic; most continental hotspots volcanoes are rhyolitic

VOLCANOES 3. Stratovolcano • tall, conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of thick, hardened, viscous lavas • Sometimes called “Composite” volcanoes • Very explosive • Ex: Mt. Fuji, Krakatoa, Mt. Vesuvius, Mt. Kenya 34 Mt. Fuji, Japan Stratovolcano

VOLCANOES Products of a volcanic eruption are: - volcanic gases & steam - lava - tephra

VOLCANOES Tephra - fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption • Ash - eruption fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, about the size of a grain of sand smaller • Pumice - volcanic rock that looks “foamy”; due to simultaneous rapid cooling and rapid depressurization on ejection. It is typically light colored • Scoria - another “foamy” volcanic rock but differs from pumice in that it looks like a heavier “foam” and is usually dark colored and denser Lava - molten rock expelled by a volcano during eruption; up to 100 K times as viscous as water

VOLCANOES 4 TYPES OF LAVA COMPOSITION ANDESITIC MAFIC ULTRA-MAFIC • Magma w/high silica (>63%) (Dacite & Rhyolite) • Highly viscous & trap gases • Tend to erupt catastrophically; stratovolcanoes • Magma contains 52 -63% silica • Tends to occur at subduction zones • Magma contains <52% but >45% silica (basaltic due to hi Mg & Fe) • Tend to be hotter magmas erupt at mid ocean ridges • Forms basalt pillows, shield volcanoes or flood basalts • Magma <= 45% very low silica • Known as komtiites (double “i”; very rare rock) • These are the hottest lavas produced when earth was young OS AN LC VO TO RA ST High Silica Low Iron Very High Viscosity 37 Explosive ES NO CA OL DV IEL SH FELSIC Low Silica High Iron Very Low Viscosity Oozer

VOLCANOES VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX 8

VOLCANOES More detailed VEI Index

VOLCANOES Using Mt. Fuji as a model, we can estimate the original height of Mt. Kenya Volcanic Plug WAS +/- 23, 000 ft NOW 17, 057 ft Mt. Fuji, Japan Mt. Kenya Stratovolcano

VOLCANOES This will complete today’s GEOLOGICAL DISCUSSION ANY QUESTIONS? Let’s go on SAFARI!

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOGORIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

NAIROBI SKYLINE

NAIROBI’S SLUM AREA Located 3. 1 miles from 2 nd largest urban slum in ND Largest least Largest slum in the in people Africa World city center 3 rd 2 At Africa, 170, 000 3 rdslum largest in the world Home to 170, 000

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOGORIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

ARRIVING AT SAMBURU

SAMBURU CAMPLIFE

SAMBURU TRIBESMEN

SAMBURU WILDLIFE

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOGORIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

MT. KENYA • Mount Kenya is a stratovolcano created approximately 3 million years after the opening of the East African rift • It was covered by an ice cap for thousands of years • It is 6, 000 ft shorter than it used to be because of glacial erosion • There are currently 11 small glaciers • The forested slopes are an important source of water for much of Kenya

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOGORIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

LAKE BOGORIA

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOGORIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

LAKE NAKURU

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOGORIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

RONGAI • We chose to use Classic African Safaris/Grant & Cameron Safari Company, Rongai, Kenya • The head of that company is Hamish Grant, pictured to right (at the bottom!) • Hamish’s family immigrated from Britain to Kenya in early 1900’s and he is the 3 rd generation of Kenyans to run Gogar Farms • Part of their farm includes the property of Denys Finch-Hatton, of “Out of Africa” fame • Hamish was educated at Eton College, England with a degree in Agricultural Science • We stayed at Hamish’s guest quarters (a converted carriage house) for 1 week • We ate with family & friends, played in his backyard, read about fauna & flora of Kenya; lots of quality time with a top ranked safari guide 65

RONGAI 66

RONGAI • Hamish’s first wife, Vanessa Grant, died during child birth and is buried on the farm • In her memory, Hamish started the Vanessa Grant Trust Fund which has built four schools in Rongai: • Vanessa Grant School • Gogar Primary School • Vanessa Grant Girls' School • Rongai Vocational Training Centre • Hamish kindly agreed to give us tours of the schools and help with our understanding of the educational challenges of Kenya • Hamish’s dedication has become a reality… 67

VANESSA GRANT SCHOOL SPECIAL EDUCATION SCHOOL

GOGAR PRIMARY SCHOOL Before (Top) 300 kids with 30 desks After (bottom) 900 kids all with desks

VANESSA GRANT GIRLS SCHOOL

TEA & FLOWER PLANTATIONS

TEA & FLOWER PLANTATIONS KERICHO TEA PLANTATIONS

TEA & FLOWER PLANTATIONS • Tea was introduced to Kenya in 1903 • Today Kenya is the world’s 3 rd largest tea exporter behind China & India • Most tea grown is black tea and 94% grown is exported • 60% of Kenyan Tea is grown by 500, 000 small farms • Most tea is hand-picked; upper two leaves & bud only • Key to success is Kenya’s climate , rains, volcanic soils (Geology Rocks!)

TEA & FLOWER PLANTATIONS MAJOR FLOWER GROWING AREAS OF KEYNA

TEA & FLOWER PLANTATIONS • Kenya is currently the leading, fresh flower exporter to Europe with 31% mkt share; Columbia 17%, Israel 16% • Kenya’s 2005 fresh flower sales were 81, 000 tons: 88% Roses, 7% Carnations • Sales have grown 35% annually for last 15 years • Kenya employs 90, 000 in the floriculture industry • 1 ½ days to get from greenhouses to European stores

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOROGIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

MAASAI MARA

MAASAI MARA 82

MAASAI MARA 83

MAASAI PEOPLE

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA UGANDA RONGAI LAKE BOROGIA KENYA SAMBURU LAKE NAKURU MAASAI MARA TANZANIA MT KENYA NAIROBI TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER TAKE A CITY BUS FROM NAIROBI TOWARDS MOMBASSA, GETTING OFF AT TSVAO NP

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER • Tsvao is composed of Tsvao East & Tsvao West National Parks We get dropped off here! In the middle of NOWHERE! • An area of 5. 1 million acres; Kenya’s largest uninterrupted terrain; 4% of the country • Forms the Tsvao-Kasigau Wildlife Corridor for migration of animals from Kenya to Tanzania • We take a bus from Nairobi to near Tsavo

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER VOLUNTEER AT THE LOCAL SCHOOL

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER TSAVO LION RADIO TRACKING

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER ELEPHANT TRACKING & IDENTIFICATION

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER MAKING ELEPHANT DUNG PAPER…by hand! • On average an elephant will eat 200 -250 kg of food a day…. . • Elephants are poor digesters; 50% of what they eat comes straight out the other end. • As a result: 50 kg of dung • An elephant's dung is just fiber so elephants are supplying the first stage of any paper making process – getting the fibers. • One elephant supplies raw materials for approx. 115 sheets of paper a day Trademark of Poopoopaper Company

TAITA DISCOVERY CENTER A REAL LIFE RESCUE – “LEULIE”

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA We sadly say GOODBYE to Kenya

KENYA TH A REMEMBER… NK YO U! GEOLOGY ROCKS 100

whatever. . . Next week – Session 6 EGYPT Ancient People & the Nile River

KENYA All class material either is or will be on 1) the University’s website and on 2) Our website at: www. vagabondgeology. com 102 ANY QUESTIONS? ?

REFERNCES http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kenya http: //internationalmedicalcorps. org/page. aspx? pid=183 http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/Atlas_of_Kenya http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kibera http: //maps. howstuffworks. com/kenya-topographic-map. htm http: //clip. msu. edu/Kenya_E-Book/Chapter%201. pdf http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Mount_Kenya http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Turkana_Basin http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Louis_Leakey http: //mappery. com/Kenya-Overview-Map http: //www. lib. utexas. edu/maps/kenya. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils http: //mappery. com/map-of/Mt-Kenya-Topo-Map http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_evolution http: //www. panoramio. com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=73&with_photo_id= http: //whc. unesco. org/en/list/1060 64071017&order=date_desc&user=2816629 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paleoanthropology http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya http: //www. worldofmaps. net/en/africa/map-kenya/topographic-maphttp: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Maasai_Mara kenya. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kenya_Rift_Valley http: //www. mendeley. com/research/crustal-structure-tectonic-evolution-anza-rifthttp: //maratriangle. org/maasai-mara/wildebeest-migration/ northern-kenya/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/West_Asian-East_African_Flyway http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Anza_trough http: //msuhyenas. blogspot. com/ http: //www. classicafricansafaris. com/documents/Private_Camps%20 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Carbonatite %20 Masai%20 Mara. shtm http: //www. kenyalogy. com/eng/parques/sbss. html http: //www. classicafricansafaris. com/our-safaris/private-safaris/samburu-mara-flying- http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=x. F 6 edh. Vgn. GM safari/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kenya http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=R_Jf. Y 3 dn. EEs&feature=related http: //www. letshike. com/our. Trips/kenya_photo_gallery. htm http: //kenya-safari-holidays. co. ke/profiles/blogs/kenya-tea-coffee-palantation-tours http: //www. wexas. com/holidays/africa/kenya/lake-nakuru/ http: //www. wexas. com/holidays/africa/kenya/amboseli/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Kenya http: //www. peakbagger. com/list. aspx? lid=2501 http: //www. kenyarep-jp. com/business/industry/f_index_e. html http: //www. kenyaflowercouncil. org/pdf/GROWING-AREAS-ADVERT. pdf http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya http: //www. gfmag. com/gdp-data-country-reports/244 -kenya-gdp-countryhttp: //www. eia. gov/countries/country-data. cfm? fips=KE report. html#axzz 29 o. Cr 4 ONY http: //www. trekearth. com/gallery/Africa/Kenya/West/Rift_Valley/Lake_Bogoria/ http: //www. treehugger. com/interior-design/elephant-dung-paper-and-paper http: //www. worldbank. org/en/country/kenya -products. html http: //www. africanartdirect. co. nz/news-events/vanessa-grant-trust/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nairobi http: //www. almacapital. com/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Item http: //www. nationsonline. org/oneworld/map/google_map_Nairobi. htm id=79&lang=en http: //thepeerage. com/p 12456. htm http: //www. predatorconservation. com/radiotracking. htm http: //www. vanessagranttrust. org/

REFERENCES http: //www. localyte. com/info/16655 --Kenya--is-the-nairobi--mombasa-highway-safe-todrivehttp: //www. ecotourismkenya. org/viewcommunity. php? cid=141 http: //www. lonelyplanet. com/maps/africa/kenya/map_of_kenya. jpg http: //www. nationsencyclopedia. com/Africa/Kenya-LOCATION-SIZE-AND-EXTENT. html http: //vanessagrant. webs. com/aboutus. htm http: //www. geology. sdsu. edu/how_volcanoes_work/Tephra. html http: //livingston. github. com/geo-monitor/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Flood_basalt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tsavo_West_National_Park http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park http: //library. wur. nl/isric/kaart/origineel/afr_keg. jpg http: //www. wri. org/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Kuunga 2. png http: //www. africa-adventure. com/safari http: //blog. sfgate. com/teensinkenya/category/uncategorized/ http: //www. exoticexpeditions. co. ke/Tsavo. West. asp http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tsavo_West_National_Park http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park http: //www. kws. go. ke/parks_reserves/TENP. html http: //www. economywatch. com/world_economy/kenya/structure-ofeconomy. html http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deccan_Traps http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Flood_basalt#List_of_flood_basalts http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_shields_and_cratons http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions http: //www. mantleplumes. org/ http: //volcanology. geol. ucsb. edu/soil. htm songs http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Ur. Ve. RGo 5 IM&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Uvo 6 vr. Izkg&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=WNXRn 8 d 9 jlk&feature=related videos http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=b. DTyfm 7 Rp 1 g http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=r 1 inue. BSwko http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=6 Jz 5 s 6 Yl. D 2 U http: //www. youtube. com/watch? feature=player_embedded&v=gv. XV 17 y. WNtg

Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness… Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. ~Mark Twain

“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. ” – Mark Twain

VANESSA GRANT SCHOOL

VANESSA GRANT TRUST SCHOOLS

VANESSA GRANT TRUST SCHOOLS STANDBY – A LETTER IS LOADING AND WILL SCROLL BY SLOWLY AFTER YOU PRESS “RETURN”

EXTRAS

KENYA CATS

KENYA ANIMALS

KENYA BIRDS

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA Oil exploration Kenya has proven oil deposits in Turkana District: President Mwai Kibaki announced on 26 March 2012 that Tullow Oil, an Anglo-Irish oil exploration firm, had struck oil but its commercial viability and subsequent production would take about three years to confirm. [67] Early in 2006 Chinese President Hu Jintao signed an oil exploration contract with Kenya, part of a series of deals designed to keep Africa's natural resources flowing to China's rapidly expanding economy. The deal allowed for China's state-controlled offshore oil and gas company, CNOOC, to prospect for oil in Kenya, which is just beginning to drill its first exploratory wells on the borders of Sudan and Somalia and in coastal waters. There are formal estimates of the possible reserves of oil discovered.

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA • 1984 famous palaeoanthropologist Richard Leakey discovered skeleton of a “Turkana boy”, belonging to Homo erectus from 1. 6 million years ago

SAFARI ACROSS KENYA

VOLCANOES 2 TYPES OF VOLCANOES ERUPTIONS Effusive • characterized by the outpouring of lava without significant explosive eruption 132 Explosive • characterized by gas -driven explosions that propels magma and tephra http: //www. wikipedia. org/Types of volcanic eruptions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. mht

VOLCANOES 3 ERUPTION MECHANISMS Magmatic Phreatomagmatic Phreatic • Decompression of gas within magma that propels magma • 5 Sub-catagories • Compression of gas within magma that propels magma • 1 Sub-catagory • Superheating steam from water contact with magma propels magma • 2 Sub-catagories Some volcanoes may exhibit only one characteristic type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may display an entire sequence of types all in one eruptive series. 133 http: //www. wikipedia. org/Types of volcanic eruptions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. mht