Africa Independence Movements in 1950s Kwame Nkrumah Ghana

Africa Independence Movements in 1950’s Kwame Nkrumah Ghana on Gold Coast socialism but became corrupt Jomo Kenyatta Kenya

Coups • Military coup d’etat- forcible overthrow of government often by military • Mau attacked white settlers in Kenya and British withdrew • Belgian mining companies supported copper rich Katanga breaking away from Congo in 1963 • Mobutu in Congo brought poverty and unrest free elections finally in 2006

Nigeria • Currently religious and ethnic civil war fight between those wanting Sharia Islamic religious law and those who currently control the oil rich country

Apartheid • South Africa – separation of the races – way back before WWI when Gandhi was there organizing protests about the colonial laws that insulted • Having to ride 3 rd class on railroads… • 20 percent white • de. Klerk ended apartheid in 1990 when Mandela was freed after years in prison and foreign economic pressure • Nelson Mandela became the first freely elected leader and he urged peaceful power transfers • Still problems with tribal land ownership v current deed holders just like Rhodesia where they dispossessed the white land owners

Rwanda • Hutus- majority group • Tutsis had European physical features and had been favored by European colonials • 800, 000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered • Burundi faced similar ethnic conflicts between the same Hutus and Tutsis but did not go to genocide

Oil Rich Sudan • Divided between the Islamic fundamentalists in North who have committed genocide despite UN intervention • N Sudan leader charged with crimes against humanity • A woman in her 8 th month of pregnancy whose Islamic father abandoned her and her Christian mother is condemned to die because they claim she “converted to Christianity” and therefore is guilty of apostasy and is an adulterous because she married an American Christian living in New Hampshire so she gets 100 lashes after her baby is born since Islamic cannot marry a Christian