AFRICA AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD 23 1 Copyright

AFRICA AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD 23 1 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Geography of Africa n n Second largest continent Three times the size of the United States Contains 14% of the world’s population Africa has ten distinct cultural areas; each is related to a local, physical environment 23 2 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

A Satellite View 23 3 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Vegetation Zones 23 4 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

African Rain Forest # Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft. # Rapid decomposition (very humid). # Covers 37 countries. 5 # 15% of the land surface of Africa. 5 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The African Savannah: 13 million sq. mi. 50% of African land 23 6 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Sahel 23 7 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Sahel 23 8 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Libyan Deserts Sahara Desert Sahel One third of African land rt ese ib D Nam hari Kala ert Des 23 9 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Sahara Desert: 3, 500, 00 sq. miles. As large as the United States 23 10 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Desertification 23 11 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mediterranean Sea ed R Bodies a Se Of Nile River Nig of A Water lf Gu <-- er R L. Chad--> ive r r ve L. Albert--> g den n Co i o. R L. Victoria L. Tanganyika-> Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Zambezi River Limpopo River Orange River Pacific Ocean 23 12 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Mighty Nile River: “Longest River in the World” 23 13 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Congo River Basin # Covers 12% of the continent. # Extends over 9 countries. # 2, 720 miles long. # 99% of the country of Zaire is in the Congo River basin. 23 14 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Niger River Basin # Covers 7. 5% of the continent. # Extends over 10 countries. 23 # 2, 600 miles long. Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15

ts. M las At Mountains & Peaks Δ Mt. Kenya . ts i. M or z en w Ru Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro . ts rg M bu s n je ra D 23 16 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mt. Kilimanjaro: Snow on the Equator? 23 17 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Kingdom of Ghana 900 - 1110 n n n founded by Berbers from North Africa in about A. D. 900 Dominated by the Soninke Capital city: Kombi Saleh The King is “the Ghana”, Trade across Sahara: gold, salt, copper and slaves (1/3 of population slaves) Destroyed by Almoravids, who declare a jihad against Ghana 23 18 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Kingdom of Mali 1240 - 1450 n n n Founded by the Malinke warrior king Sundiata as the first Muslim state in the Sahel Connects the Sahara to the tropical rain forests Controls trade in gold and salt Mansa Musa (1312 -1337) pilgrimage to Mecca 1324 Timbuktu a great trading city and center of learning (University of Sankore) 23 19 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Songhay Empire 1464 - 1591 n n n Originates in city of Gao on Niger River Songhay empire created during reign of King Sonni Ali (1464 -1493) Power based on cavalry and mobile fleet of ships At its height, the Empire extends from Morocco to Cameroon—largest in African history Officially Muslim, but most subjects follow traditional religions Empire collapses through revolt of subject peoples and military defeat by musket bearing Moroccans in 1591 23 20 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Swahili city states of East Africa n n Swahili a blend of Bantu language with Arabic Swahili coastal city states (Mogadishu, Manda, Kilwa) engage in profitable Indian ocean trade Ivory most important export, followed by gold, slaves, sandalwood and ebony Import Indian cloth, Chinese pottery, glassware 23 21 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Swahili Decline in East Africa n n Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmishes with Africans on eastern coast, 1497 -1498 1502 returns, forces Kilwa to pay tribute 1505 Portuguese gunships dominate Swahili ports After 1660, the forces of the sultan of Oman take over from the Portuguese north of Mozambique, and control ivory and slave trade until 19 th century 23 22 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Kingdom of Kongo in Central Africa 14 th to 18 th centuries n n Included most of present day Rep. of the Congo and Angola 1483 Commercial relations with Portuguese Slaves become the principal export; used to obtain foreign luxury goods King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I, r. 1506 -1542) converts to Christianity q q Useful connection with Portuguese interests But zealous convert, attempts to convert population at large 23 23 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The King of Kongo and European Ambassadors 23 24 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Slave Trade in Kongo n n n Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding Soon discovered it is easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders King Afonso appeals without success to stop, or at least limit, slave trade (disrupts his royal monopoly) Relations deteriorate under later kings. Portuguese attack Kongo and decapitate king in 1665 Civil war rages for a century between members of royal family using armies with muskets Captives sold as slaves; whole provinces depopulated 23 25 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola) n n Ndongo gains wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade But Portuguese influence resisted by Queen Nzinga (r. 1623 -1663) q n Posed as male King, with male concubines in female dress attending her Nzinga establishes temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese q q Decline of Ndongo power after her death Portuguese extend their control of Angola (first African colony) 23 26 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Great Zimbabwe in Southeast Africa n n Founded at end of 10 th century by Bantu speaking Shona Chieftains develop trade with Swahili city-states At height of prosperity between late 13 th and late 15 th centuries Known today through the excavation of more than 150 settlements, including the enormous central complex known as Great Zimbabwe 23 27 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

European settlements in South Africa n n Cape colony founded by Dutch in 1652 as a resupply stop for ships heading for Indian Ocean Settled by Dutch Calvinists and French Huguenots The Khoikhoi forced to labor on Dutch farms African slaves used for labor in 1700’s 23 28 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

European Arrival in South Africa ~ Dutch Cape Town, 1652 23 © National Maritime Museum Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29

Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa n n n Official religion of Kingdoms of Africa and the Swahili city states Most Africans continue traditional religions; some blend Islam with traditional practices (syncretic religion) The Fulani people of West Africa lead movement to impose strict adherence to Islamic norms in Africa 1680 begins military campaigns to establish Islamic state and impose their type of Islam Found Islamic states in what is now Guinea, Senegal, Mali and Northern Nigeria 23 30 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Christianity in the Kingdom of Kongo n n Like African Islam, syncretic with African beliefs Antonian movement flourishes early 18 th century Founded by Doña Beatriz, claims possession by St. Anthony of Padua (13 th century Franciscan preacher, patron saint of Portugal) Promotes distinctly African Christianity q n n Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans 1706 Christian missionaries persuade King Pedro IV of Kongo to burn her at the stake An army of 20, 00 Antonians revolt against King Pedro 23 31 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Economic and Social Characteristics of Early Modern Africa n n n n West Africa: Hoe agriculture Land possessed by community Political power over people, not territory Social stratification less sharp than in wealthier societies Basis for social organization were lineage and kinship groups Trace descent through male or female line (matrilineal in West Africa) The Tiv of Central Nigeria organize one million people in the 18 th century on the basis on kinship groups 23 32 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Population Growth in Africa 23 33 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Foundations of the Slave Trade n African slavery dates to antiquity q n War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans Distinct from Asian, European slavery q q No private property, therefore wealth defined by human labor potential, not land Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan 23 34 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Islamic Slave Trade n n Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab traders New slaves acquired by raiding villages, selling on Swahili coast Arab traders depend on African infrastructure to maintain supply European demand on west coast causes demand to rise again 23 35 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Early Slave Trade in West Africa n n n Portuguese raid west African coast in 1441, take 12 men Met with stiff resistance African dealers ready to provide slaves 1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal 1520: 2, 000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations on islands off coast of Africa 23 36 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Slaves at Work in a Mine 23 37 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Triangular Trade n n n 1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa 2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe 23 38 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Atlantic slave trade, 1500 -1800 23 39 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Middle Passage (Africa. Americas) n n African slaves captured by raiding parties, forcemarched to holding pens at coast Middle passage under horrific conditions q q n n 4 -6 weeks Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5% Total slave traffic, 15 th-18 th c. : 12 million Approximately 4 million died before arrival 23 40 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Atlantic Slave Trade, the Middle Passage 23 41 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

African Slave Export per Year 23 42 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Impact on African Regions n n n Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana resist slave trade Benefit from distance from slave ports on western coast Other societies benefit from slave trade profit q Asante, Dahomey, Oyo peoples 23 43 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Social Effects of Slave trade n n n Total African population expands due to importation of American crops Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, deplete regional populations Distorted sex ratios result q q 2/3 of slaves male, 14 -35 years of age Encouraged polygamy, women acting in traditionally male roles 23 44 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Political Effects of Slave Trade n n n Introduction of firearms increases violence of preexisting conflicts More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons Dahomey people create army dedicated to slave trade 23 45 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

African Slaves in Plantation Societies n n Most slaves in tropical and subtropical regions First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) 1516 Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean and Americas Sugar major cash crop q n Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor 23 46 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Destinations of African Slaves 23 47 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Plantation Societies Shipping sugar from Antigua 23 © National Maritime Museum Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 48

Regional Differences n Caribbean, South America: African population unable to maintain numbers through natural means q q q n n Malaria, yellow fever Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition Gender imbalance Constant importation of slaves North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio q Slave families encouraged as prices rise in 18 th century 23 49 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The African Diaspora Plantation Societies: Various means of Resistance n q q Maroon Communities Slave Revolts n n q Surinam (1772) Saint-Domingue (1793) Slavery & Economic Development “A Rebel Negro Armed and On His Guard, ” 1806 © National Maritime Museum 23 50 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Abolition of Slavery n n Olaudah Equiano (1745 -1797), former slave authors best-selling autobiography q Eloquent attacks on institution of slavery Economic costs of slavery increase q Military expenses to prevent rebellions q 18 th century: price of sugar falls, price of slaves rises q Wage labor becomes more efficient n Wage-earners can spend income on manufactured goods 23 51 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

End of the Slave Trade and Slavery n n n Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803, followed by Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845) Possession of slaves remains legal Clandestine trade continues to 1867 Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1833), then French (1848), U. S. (1865), Cuba (1886), Brazil (1888) Saudi Arabia and Angola continue to the 1960 s Still exists in Sudan, Mauritania, Chad 23 52 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.