AFOSR International Science Program Office Air Force Office

AFOSR International Science Program Office Air Force Office of Scientific Research Air Force Research Laboratory Integrity Service Excellence 1 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13

Why the Air Force Invests in Basic Research • • • To probe today’s technology limits and ultimately lead to future technologies with Do. D relevance Dr. Chad Mirkin’s research on Dip Pen Nanolithography was featured in National Geographic’s ’ 100 Scientific Discoveries That Changed the World’ Attract the most creative minds to fields of critical Do. D interest AFOSR Sponsored 79 Nobel Laureates Create a knowledgeable workforce in fields of critical Do. D interest 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics - Dr. Shuji Nakamura, Univ of California, Santa Barbara DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics – Dr. Peter Higgs, Univ of Edinburgh 2 AFRL scientists and 4 AFOSRfunded scientist s received 2013 PECASE awards 2

Air Force Research Laboratory Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Acquisition (SAF/AQ) International Office (AFOSR/IO) Materials & Manufacturing (RX) Space Vehicles (RV) Information (RI) Munitions (RW) Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Asian Office of Aerospace R&D (IOA – Tokyo) European Office of Aerospace R&D (IOE - London) Southern Office of Aerospace R&D (IOS - Santiago) Sensors (RY) Aerospace Systems (RQ) 711 th Human Performance Wing (711 HPW) Directed Energy (RD) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. North America (ION – Arlington, VA) 193

Air Force Research Laboratory Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Acquisition (SAF/AQ) International Office (AFOSR/IO) Materials & Manufacturing (RX) Space Vehicles (RV) Information (RI) Munitions (RW) Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Asian Office of Aerospace R&D (IOA – Tokyo) European Office of Aerospace R&D (IOE - London) Southern Office of Aerospace R&D (IOS - Santiago) Sensors (RY) Aerospace Systems (RQ) 711 th Human Performance Wing (711 HPW) Directed Energy (RD) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. North America (ION – Arlington, VA) 194

IO Mission Provide the US Air Force a strategy, awareness, and access to overseas basic research. London Arlington (AFOSR) Tokyo Santiago USAF’s tech experts on global “front lines” Shape & leverage S&T to meet AFRL needs IO Offices EOARD (London) AOARD (Tokyo) SOARD (Santiago) ION (Arlington) Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13 Ph. Ds 10 10 2 6 5

A Bit of History • WWII: European science “game changers” • Early USAF recognition by von Kármán, others – 1938: 1 st nuclear fission in lab A-bomb in 7 yrs – Radar, cryptography, rockets, jet engines… – 1950: – 1951: – 1952: Air R&D Command (ARDC) AFOSR NATO AGARD ARDC’s European Office (EOAR) (1974: Reassigned to AFOSR as EOARD) • Evolving global landscape – 1980 s: – 2000 s: Asian S&T growth 1992: AOARD Latin America maturing 2007: SOARD 6 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13

Global R&D Today • • US share declining • Importance recognized by Do. D & AF R&D Publications 2000 80% of researchers are outside US – Future Directions workshops – AF/ST Global Horizons study – Defense Science Board 2010 In order to avoid technological surprise, it is important for Do. D to be involved in the cutting edge of basic research on topics of specific interest to the Department-whether the cutting edge is in the U. S. or overseas. – DSB, Jan 2012 7 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13

IO Engagement FY 12: 179 New Research Projects, 72 Technical Exchanges, 171 Visiting Scientists, 18 S&Es in Foreign Labs FY 12: 39 Countries Shown: All active IO projects as of 10 May 13 Red = AOARD, Blue = EOARD, Green = SOARD 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. UK Australia Japan Korea Singapore Italy France Brazil India Spain Israel Austria Mexico Taiwan Netherlands Sweden Chile Czech Rep. Germany Lithuania Greece Belgium More than just grants, we build relationships between US/AFRL & world’s best. . . 8 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13

The “Revolution” of Nanocarbon 1985: US/UK C 60 “Buckyballs” 1 D Leveraging International Breakthroughs 1991: Japan Carbon Nanotubes 2 D 2004: UK Exfoliated Graphene Nobel Prizes 3 D 2012: Germany “Aerographite” Article counts according to Google Scholar, excluding patents and citations. 9 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13

AFRL’s Connection to the World • AF’s “boots on the ground” • Strategic and opportunistic • Small operation, big payoff – Strategy, awareness, access – Building relationships and shaping research • Brazil-US high-temp superconductors • Russian Exawatt laser facility (in development) – Positioned to tap into “centers of gravity” – Pivot to the Pacific • US-Korea Nano-Bio-Info Initiative • US-Taiwan Nanoscience Initiative 10 Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88 ABW/PA Case Number 88 ABW-2013 -5142, 9 Dec 13

Individual Grants CESARIA - Correlating Effects of Scintillation in Atmospheric Regions: Ionosphere And Troposphere Scintillation - Rapid amplitude and phase fluctuations of radio signals from space due to ionospheric turbulence GNSS Signal Strength Focus on Africa Sudden changes in delay estimates Disturbances in the troposphere before, during, and after ionospheric scintillation events Rui Fernandes, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal Ron Caton, AFRL/RV Keith Groves, Boston College DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 11

Grouping Grants to Attack a Problem The Interaction of Coronal Mass Ejections with the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Objective: Basic research in observing and modeling the orientation and evolution of the imbedded magnetic field that determines interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) geoeffectiveness Motivation: Enable development of a practical forecast of ICME geoeffectiveness with a lead-time on the order of 1 -2 days before its arrival at Earth. Teamwork: Designed to be an international project. Proposers were asked to provided a clear vision of how their research would contribute to a team effort. DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 12

A New Paradigm in Sources and Physics of High-Power Ionospheric Modification MURI: • Modern HF source for ionospheric modification • Determine most important properties of source • Develop framework (transmitter, antennas) Ionospheric Structures at optimum locations for science and application Unattended sensor battery charging in the Arctic DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Bi-static CME Monitoring 13

Workshop Discussion Items The principle goal is to identify members of the community that can contribute to international initiatives focused on Space Situational Awareness of deep space. • Investigate optimal mix of sensors to support deep space SSA and advise on the utility of existing sensor assets within the wider community • Identify the current challenges of calibration and validation of unrelated, distributed sensors • Identify optimal methods of data exchange to enable an effective sensor network • Identify methods to improve the precision of orbit determination in the deep space domain, including association of measurements between observation periods and data fusion of a distributed sensor network • Produce a list of assets available to a joint US/UK non-military observation of GEO; including network solutions • Postulate objectives and advise on the design of experiments to assess possible contributions 14

Expected Outcomes • Achieve a mutual understanding (across the community) of topic areas of relevance to UK and US communities. • Identify capabilities across community in the area of deep space SSA, covering sensors, tasking, data processing, astrodynamics and experimentation. • Identify a comprehensive list of academic sensors and/or sites for new EO systems able to support distributed deep space SSA. • Generate a strawman plan to deliver an experimental deep space SSA architecture available to explore potential solutions from the community. 15