AERODYNAMICS AND WINDTUNNELS DEFINITION AERODYNAMICS WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS IS

AERODYNAMICS AND WINDTUNNELS

DEFINITION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS: IS THE STUDY OF THE FORCES EXERTED BY AIR OR OTHER GASES IN MOTION Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

DESIGN APPLICATIONS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT AERODYNAMICS? BECAUSE IT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE & SAFETY OF MANY OF THE THINGS WE USE AND THINGS WE DO: • • AIRCRAFT SPACECRAFT AUTOMOBILES AND TRUCKS ENGINES (Gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc. ) AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS (fans, blowers, air conditioners, etc. ) BUILDINGS WIND TURBINES SPORTS (Ski jumping, speed skating, bicycle racing, windsurfing, yacht racing, etc. ) Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERO DESIGN PROCESS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: FOR THEORY TO BECOME LAW IT MUST BE TESTABLE (otherwise it’s philosophy) THE WIND TUNNEL IS THE PRIMARY TEST VEHICLE FOR AERODYNAMIC DESIGN Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

GOVERNING LAWS OF PHYSICS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS UNDERSTANDING AERODYNAMICS • • CONSERVATION OF ENERGY NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION POTENTIAL & KINETIC ENERGY CONTINUITY EQUATION Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

ENERGY AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY • energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changed from one form into another or transferred from one object to another • the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

LAWS OF MOTION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS NEWTONS THIRD LAW • FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN (OPPOSED) EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS POTENTIAL ENERGY PE = mass x g x height = weight x height KINETIC ENERGY KE = ½ mass x velocity 2 = weight x velocity 2 2 g Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

DEFINITION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE FORCES EXERTED BY AIR ARE MANIFEST IN PRESSURE Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

CONTINUITY EQUATION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS FLOW THROUGH A CONSTRAINED REGION Continuity Equation W 1 = W 2 = W n flow = density x area x velocity 1 W=dx. Ax. V Inn. Sol, Inc. n AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS 2

THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS STATIC PRESSURE OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE AIR V=0 Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS • DYNAMIC (TOTAL) PRESSURE • Pressure due to velocity of air relative to the velocity of the object OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE OBJECT Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC AND TOTAL PRESSURE Total Temp ≈ Static Temp x (1 + c x V 2) Total Press ≈ Static Press x (1 + c x V 2)3. 5 Total Press ≈ Static Press x (Total/Static Temp)3. 5 Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

DEFINITION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS & VELOCITY IN A CONSTRAINED WINDTUNNELS SPACE VELOCITY IS GOVERNED BY THE CONTINUITY EQUATION • • Density (d) varies with T & P remain constant unless heat and/or work is added or removed (conservation of energy), thus d = constant Therefore: W = constant = d x A x V = constant x A x V Thus V varies only with A (V = constant/A) Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS FLOW OVER A WING Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A WING Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS C Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS ANGLE OF ATTACK As the angle of attack increases lift increases but so does drag At some point the air cannot follow the wing surface and separates. This causes the wing to rapidly lose lift, creating stall Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMIC LOADS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMIC & PHYSICAL LOADS ON AN AIRCRAFT Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS LIFT AND DRAG Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WIND TUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS ARE USED TO: • DEVELOP EMPIRICAL DESIGN DATA (eg Lift/Drag polars) • INVESTIGATE AERODYNAMIC PHENOMENA (eg flutter) • DEVELOP AND VERIFY DESIGNS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL Critical to the Wright Brothers’ success was their wind tunnel. When they tested their previous design that failed expectations they discovered that its lift was 1/3 of design predictions Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS LARGE SCALE WIND TUNNELS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS OPTIONS CLOSED LOOP: Facilitates changes in altitude (pressure). Reduces energy consumption. OPEN LOOP: Required for engine testing and testing with inlet additives (eg water, contamination, etc. • Ambient • Inlet air heaters & coolers • Exhaust pumps to vary altitude and flight speed. BLOW DOWN : • Open configuration • Closed configuration Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS BLOW DOWN WIND TUNNELS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

VISUALIZING FLOW FIELDS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SCHLIEREN , SHADOW GRAPHS, & LDV USE AIR DENSITY FOR VISUALIZATION Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS VERTICAL WIND TUNNELS NASA LEWIS (GLENN) 5 FT VERTICAL WIND TUNNEL - 1917 Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS NON - AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMIC DRAG MEASUREMENT ON BUILDINGS USING SCALE MODELS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

HURRICANES & TORNADOS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WIND LOADS ON STRUCTURES Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

HURRICANES AND TORNADOES 0 AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS EFFECT OF HIGH WIND SPEED ON HOUSE ROOF LOADS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLES OBJECTIVE: REDUCE DRAG FOR REDUCED FUEL CONSUMPTION AND INCREASED SPEED. • • Inn. Sol, Inc. AUTOMOBILES, RACE CARS, MOTORCYCLES & TRUCKS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS MERCEDES BENZ ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING NASA LANGLEY FULL SCALE TESTING GM WIND TUNNEL Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

FLOW VISUALIZATION SMOKE STREAMS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS Smoke streams clearly show flow separation and turbulence – which means higher drag and higher fuel consumption AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

FLOW VISUALIZATION HOW TO PREVENT A CAR FROM BECOMING AN AIRPLANE AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SPOILER INVERTED WING Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

FLOW VISUALIZATION AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WOOL TUFTS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS IN SPORTS • • • AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SKI JUMPING DOWNHILL RACING SPEED SKATING SKY DIVING BICYCLE RACING GOLF Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS SKI JUMPING V STYLE CLASSIC STYLE Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS SKY DIVING Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS MODERN VERTICAL WIND TUNNELS – FOR FUN AND GAMES AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS RACING APPLICATIONS Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF GOLF AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS WHY DIMPLED GOLFBALLS? In the early days of golf when the balls were smooth some golfers noticed that their old beat up golf balls drove further than new golf balls – hence the design of dimpled ball covers. Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF SPEED SKATING AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS Under Armour and Lockheed Martin designed gear for the 2014 Winter Olympics Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS OF DRAFTING AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS THE LEADER FIGHTS THE HIGHEST DRAG PEDALING A BICYCLE AT 152 MPH Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS • EVERYONE IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER IS AFFECTED BY AERODYNAMICS (BUT MOST OF US DO NOT REALIZE IT) • THE PHENOMENAE OF AERODYNAMICS AND THE ATTENDANT LAWS OF PHYSICS CAN BE DEMONSTRATED WITH A SIMPLE WIND TUNNEL • ITS ADVANTAGE IS THAT IT PROVIDES AN INTERESTING “SEE AND TOUCH” APPROACH WITH CONSIDERABLE OPTIONS FOR STUDENTS TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC SCIENCE Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS Dennis Barbeau dennisb@innsolinc. com Inn. Sol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS