Aedes albopictus Thailand Dengue Fever Roba and Mohammed

Aedes albopictus Thailand Dengue Fever Roba and Mohammed Khaled

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe illness and death, it is caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (named DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4). Dengue fever virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The viruses are transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes that feed both indoors and outdoors during the daytime (from dawn to dusk). These mosquitoes thrive in areas with standing water, including puddles, water tanks, containers and old tires. Lack of reliable sanitation and regular garbage collection also contribute to the spread of the mosquitoes.

Mechanism When a mosquito carrying dengue virus bites a person, the virus enters the skin together with the mosquito's saliva. It binds to and enters white blood cells, and reproduces inside the cells while they move throughout the body. The white blood cells respond by producing a number of signaling proteins, such as cytokines and interferons, which are responsible for many of the symptoms. In severe infection, the virus production inside the body is greatly increased, and many more organs can be affected. Fluid from the bloodstream leaks through the wall of small blood vessels into body cavities due to capillary permeability. As a result, less blood circulates in the blood vessels, and the blood pressure becomes so low that it cannot supply sufficient blood to vital organs. Furthermore, dysfunction of the bone marrow due to infection of the stromal cells leads to reduced numbers of platelets, which are necessary for effective blood clotting.

Epidemiology Dengue is widespread throughout the tropics, with risk factors influenced by local spatial variations of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, degree of urbanization and quality of vector control services in urban areas. Before 1970, only nine countries had experienced severe dengue epidemics. Today, the disease is endemic in more than 100 countries in African, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions; the Americas, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions are the most seriously affected. Dengue is endemic in Thailand risk is present in both urban and rural areas, with elevated risk in northeastern part of the country. Peak transmission typically occurs during the rainy season, from April to December. In 2018, the province of Phuket recorded the highest percapita infection rate in Thailand with 93. 34 cases for every 100, 000 people. The island saw 357 hospital-confirmed cases. In 2019 (thus far), there have been 28, 785 cases, 43 of whom died. Most cases occur in tropical areas of the world, with the greatest risk occurring in: ● ● ● ● ● The Indian subcontinent Southeast Asia Southern China Taiwan The Pacific Islands The Caribbean (except Cuba and the Cayman Islands) Mexico Africa Central and South America

How does it manifest ? Illness will start to show 4 to 7 days after the bite , the infection is characterized by flu like symptoms, this includes : ● ● sudden high fever coming in separate waves pain behind the eyes muscle, joint, and bone pain severe headache skin rash with red spots The illness may progress to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). which may then cause severe abdominal pain, damage to lymph vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, enlargement of the liver, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, bruising, and uncontrolled bleeding. High fever can last from 2 to 7 days. Any complications would then cause, circulatory system failure and shock, and can be fatal; this is known as Dengue Shock Syndrome. It affects mostly children and causes a significant number of childhood deaths. It is characterized by a massive increase in systemic capillary permeability with consequent hypovolemia

Treatment There is no specific treatment for the disease; most doctors recommend resting and treating the symptoms until the infection runs its course. The NHS recommends taking paracetamol (avoid aspirin and ibuprofen) to relieve pain and discomfort from fever, staying hydrated to avoid feeling unwell, and resting. If the infection is a mild aka uncomplicated dengue fever symptoms can last for up to 10, but generally start to clear up after about a week – in some cases the person may feel tired and unwell for up to 2 weeks. In case dengue developing into DHF, Like milder strains of dengue, there’s no specific and widely available medication although, if its caught early, it can be treated with fluid replacement therapy. Vaccination : In 2016, scientists developed a fairly effective vaccine for dengue (60% effectiveness) that became available in a few Southeast Asia countries. The issue, however, is that the three-installment dose costs roughly $207 USD (€ 242. 81 Euro). The World Health Organization recommends that the vaccine only be given to persons with confirmed prior dengue virus infection. People who receive the vaccine and have not been previously infected with a dengue virus may be at risk of developing severe dengue if they get dengue after being vaccinated. Researchers are still working on the ideal dengue vaccination — one that is cost effective and affordable, easily shipped, and safe.

In case of Dengue Shock Syndrome (which occurs as a result of secondary infection with a different virus serotype) the patient should be kept under close observation. Pulse, blood pressure, and respiration should be monitored–continuously if possible or at least every 15 min. The only known effective treatment in DSS is timely and aggressive fluid resuscitation. Fluids used for volume expansion include normal saline, Ringer lactate, 5% glucose diluted 1: 1 in normal saline, plasma. Prevention 1. Always wear a good insect repellent 2. Wear loose clothing that covers your limbs and neck; you can even douse clothing in insect spray. 3. Consider sleeping under mosquito nets.

References https: //www. who. int/denguecontrol/epidemiology/en/ https: //www. webmd. com/a-to-z-guides/dengue-fever-reference#1 https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Dengue_fever https: //www. thethailandlife. com/dengue-fever-guide https: //www. iamat. org/country/thailand/risk/dengue https: //www. researchgate. net/figure/Dengue-Fever-Incidence-Rate-per-100 -000 -Population-and-Number-of-Cases-among-Gender_fig 2_258099136 https: //academic. oup. com/cid/article/32/2/204/319560 https: //www. cdc. gov/dengue/prevention/dengue-vaccine. html