ADVS 1110 Final Review Apparently this module is

ADVS 1110 Final Review

Apparently this module is not going to be on the final exam so you can ignore material from this module Module 8 By-Products of Meat Animals Chapters: 7 & 9 Objectives and Discussion Points -Learn about by-products of animal agriculture -Explore visual evaluation of animals -Understand logistics of disposing of mortalities

Animal By-Products Inedible Blood - Dyes Hides and Skins - Leather - Sports equipment Internal Organs - Surgical sutures - Transplant tissue Inedible Fats - Soaps - Explosives - Cosmetics Bones - China - Glue Hair - Brushes Edible Horns and Hooves - Gelatin - Marshmallows Variety Meats - Liver - Tongue - Tripe Fats - Chewing gum - Candies - Pet food

Pharmaceuticals from Red Meat Animals - Know the name, source, and function/utilization of at least 3 of the numerous pharmaceuticals covered Examples Name Source Function Amfetin Amniotic fluid Reduces post operative pain and nausea; enhances intestinal peristalsis Plasmin Blood Digest fibrin in blood clots; used to treat patients with heart attacks Heparin Intestines and Lungs Natural anticoagulant used to thin blood; retards clotting; especially during organ implants. Anticoagulant; prevention of gangrene

Visual Evaluation Know basic parts of animal. Parts that are consistent across all species. Example Rear half - Hock - Rearflank (Flank) - Stifle - Rump Front half - Shoulder - Foreflank - Cannon - Forerib

Disposing of mortalities Mortalities or dead stock is something that livestock producers sometimes have to deal with. Time and temperature soon become the enemy in these situations Options that a producer may consider when dealing with mortalities: - bury - incinerate - landfill - haul it to the outskirts of town and let the scavengers take care of it - compost - butcher and salvage whatever looks good - renderer *** All of these are possibilities but state and/or local law may prohibit some

Module 9 Animal Breeding Chapters: 12, 13, and 14 Objectives and Discussion Points -Understand basic inheritance, genetics, and mating systems -Learn to do simple Punnett square "matings“ -Calculate gene frequencies -Calculate annual genetic progress -Understand bell curve and other statistical tools as they apply to genetics

People in the field of Genetics and Animal Breeding Father or founder of modern genetics Gregor Mendel Father of modern breeding Robert Bakewell Scientists credited for the discovery of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - James D. Watson and Francis Crick

Heritability - Estimates the percent of phenotypic variation due to additive genetic effect or more generally speaking due to genetics Example - If yearling weight has been determined to be 40 % heritable (Table in Ch. 13). - You have two animals that are full siblings: Animal A weighs 1200 lbs. and Animal B weighs 1000 lbs. - 40% of the difference in weight between these two animals can attributed to genetics. - Therefore, 60% of the difference in weight between these two animals can be attributed to the environment (i. e. , nutrition, housing, disease, and etc. ) Example from class - If horse height has been determined to be 45 % heritable (Table is Ch. 13). - You have 4 horses that are full siblings: Horse #1 is 48”, Horse #2 is 50”, Horse 3 is 52”, and Horse 4 is 51”. - 45% of the difference in height between these 4 horses can be attributed to genetics. - 55% of difference in height can be attributed to the environment.

Haploid vs. Diploid - Contain only 1 member of the hereditary factors, and referred to as Haploid, aka 1 n. - Haploid refers to one half of the Diploid number of Chromosomes for a given specie, as found in the germ cells or gametes. - All of our farm animals are normally Diploid (sets of 2), aka 2 n. Gamete vs. Zygote - Gamete: Egg and sperm 1 n - Zygote: When two gametes come together 2 n

Genotype vs. Phenotype - Homozygotes are Homozygous(same alleles) BB or bb - Heterozygotes are Heterozygous(different alleles) Bb - BB, Bb, and bb are genetic allelic pairs that express the “black” (B) or “red” (b) trait of cow coat color; also called genotypes found in cells. Genotype is determined by the sample ½ of the genes an offspring receives from their sire and the sample ½ from the dam. - Black or red are phenotypes or outward appearances of cow coat color. Examples (In the following examples we are assuming black is dominant to red coat color and polled is dominant to horned) Genotype BB or Bb Phenotype Black Genotype bb Phenotype Red The genotype and phenotype of these two cows is only describing one trait (coat color) Genotype BBpp, or Bbpp Phenotype Black and horned Genotype bb. PP, or bb. Pp Phenotype Red and polled The genotypes and phenotypes of these two cows are describing more than one trait (coat color and polled/horned)

Punnett Squares Example ( one trait ) How many calves (assuming a total of 64 calves) would you expect to be: - Black ? - Red ? Heterozygous black bulls Genotype - (Bb) B B 64 Heterozygous black cows Genotype - (Bb) b b

Punnett Squares cont’d. Heterozygous black bulls Genotype - (Bb) B b B BB Bb bb 64 Heterozygous black cows Genotype - (Bb) 3 out of every 4 calves will be black = 0. 75 or 75% of all calves will be black 75% of 64 total calves = 0. 75 x (64) = 48 of 64 1 out of every 4 calves will be red = 0. 25 or 25 % of all calves will be red 25% of 64 total calves = 0. 25 x (64) = 16 of 64

Punnett Squares cont’d. Example ( two traits ) How many calves (assuming a total of 64 calves) would you expect to be: - Black and polled ? - Black and horned ? - Red and polled? - Red and horned ? Heterozygous black Heterozygous polled bulls Genotype - (Bb. Pp) BP Bp 64 Heterozygous black homozygous horned cows Genotype - (Bbpp) bp Bp b. P bp

Punnett Squares cont’d. Heterozygous black Heterozygous polled bulls Genotype - (Bb. Pp) 64 Heterozygous black Homozygous horned cows Genotype - (Bbpp) BP Bp b. P bp Bp BBPp BBpp Bb. Pp Bbpp bb. Pp bbpp 3 out of every 8 calves will be black and polled = 0. 375 or 37. 5 % of all calves will be black and polled. 0. 375 x (64) = 24 of total 64 3 out of every 8 calves will be black and horned = 0. 375 or 37. 5 % of all calves will be black and horned. 0. 375 x (64) = 24 of total 64 1 out of every 8 calves will be red and polled = 0. 125 or 12. 5 % of all calves will be red and polled. 0. 125 x (64) = 8 of total 64 1 out of every 8 calves will be red and horned = 0. 125 or 12. 5 % of all calves will be red and horned. 0. 125 x (64) = 8 of total 64

Punnett Squares cont’d. Heterozygous black Heterozygous polled bulls Genotype - (Bb. Pp) Example ( two traits ) How many calves (assuming a total of 64 calves) would you expect to be: - Black and polled ? - Black and horned ? - Red and polled? - Red and horned ? BP BP Bp 64 Heterozygous black Heterozygous polled cows Genotype - (Bb. Pp) b. P bp Bp b. P bp

Punnett Squares cont’d. Heterozygous black Heterozygous polled bulls Genotype - (Bb. Pp) 64 Heterozygous black Heterozygous polled cows Genotype - (Bb. Pp) 9 out of every 16 calves will be black and polled = 0. 5625 or 56. 25 % of all calves will be black and polled. 0. 5625 x (64) = 36 of total 64 3 out of every 16 calves will be black and horned = 0. 1875 or 18. 75 % of all calves will be black and horned. 0. 1875 x (64) = 12 of total 64 3 out of every 16 calves will be red and polled = 0. 1875 or 18. 75 % of all calves will be red and polled. 0. 1875 x (64) = 12 of total 64 1 out of every 16 calves will be red and horned = 0. 0625 or 6. 25 % of all calves will be red and horned. 0. 0625 x (64) = 4 of total 64 BP Bp b. P bp BP BBPp Bb. PP Bb. Pp Bp BBPp BBpp Bb. Pp Bbpp b. P Bb. Pp bb. PP bb. Pp bp Bb. Pp Bbpp bb. Pp bbpp

Selection Natural Selection Refers to the influence of the environment on the probability that a particular phenotype survives and reproduces Artificial Selection Refers to a set of rules designed by humans to govern the probability that an individual survives and reproduces. Gene Frequency is a fraction of the number of genes of that kind in the total number of genes in that Allelic Series within that Population. Gene Frequency will have a numerical value between 0. 0 & 1. 0. Usually expressed as a percentage (0 to 100%). Example (In the following example we are assuming black is dominant to red coat color and polled is dominant to horned) A rancher has 125 cows. The genotypes for coat color and horned/polled of all the cows are listed in the box below. + 21 Homozygous red and heterozygous polled Genotype - (bb. Pp) + 38 homozygous red and homozygous horned Genotype - (bbpp) + 46 heterozygous black and homozygous polled Genotype - (Bb. PP) 20 homozygous black and homozygous horned Genotype - (BBpp) = 125 cows What is the gene frequency for the black gene (B), red gene (b), polled gene (P), horned gene (p)?

Selection – Gene freq. cont’d. What is the gene frequency for the black gene (B), red gene (b), polled gene (P), horned gene (p)? + 21 Homozygous red and heterozygous polled Genotype - (bb. Pp) 21 bb x (2) = 42 b 21 Pp 21 P 21 p + 38 homozygous red and homozygous horned Genotype - (bbpp) 38 bb x (2) = 76 b 38 pp x (2) = 76 p + 46 heterozygous black and homozygous polled Genotype - (Bb. PP) 46 Bb 46 B 46 PP x (2) = 92 P 20 homozygous black and homozygous horned Genotype - (BBpp) = 125 cows 20 BB x (2) 20 pp x (2) = 40 B = 40 p 46 b What is the gene frequency for the: - black gene (B)? 46 + 40 / 250 = 0. 344 x (100) = 34. 4 % - red gene (b)? 42 + 76 + 46 / 250 = 0. 656 x (100) = 65. 6 % - polled gene (P)? 21 + 92 / 250 = 0. 452 x (100) = 45. 2 % - horned gene (p)? 21 + 76 + 40 / 250 = 0. 548 x (100) = 54. 8 % - You divide by 250 because there are two alleles that code for coat color (B and b) and two alleles that code for polled/horned (P and p). The rancher has a population of 125 cows. 125 x (2) = 250. - You do not divide by 500 because you want to know the frequency of a trait in the rancher’s population that exists at the same location of the same chromosome.

Additional breeding and gene freq. practice A local farmer wants to breed 40 hens. However, the farmer wants to know what offspring he will get from breeding his prize hens. So he takes his hens to the local geneticist and has their genomes analyzed. 10 of his hens are black and are homozygous for yellow feet. 12 of his hens are white and homozygous for blue feet. 18 of his hens are black with white spots and are homozygous for yellow feet. The geneticist tells the farmer that the alleles for black is BB, white is WW, and black with white spots (speckled) is BW. Further more, blue feet are dominant to yellow feet. So, the farmer bought 1 rooster that is Black with yellow feet. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the chicks the farmer can expect? (Assume only one chick per hen) How many chicks will be in each group? What is the gene frequency of the White allele? Black allele? What is the gene frequency of the Yellow allele? Blue allele?

Annual Genetic Progress Example from the homework A dairyman has determined that he doesn’t want to dehorn calves anymore but he doesn’t want horns on his cows either. He has decided to follow the example of his neighbors with beef cattle and breed the horns off of them (genetically speaking). This dairyman has an average herd of cows with 305 -day milk yield averaging 20, 000#. He has found a couple of polled bulls available through AI and enough polled heifers to buy to replace about 20% of his cow herd. He plans to buy more heifers the next few years and breed to only homozygous polled bulls to make the transition. With this plan, he will turn his cow herd over in about 4 years (generation interval). One downside to this plan is that the polled animals don’t milk as well as other dairy animals. The bulls he has selected have PTAM (predicted transmitting ability for milk) of -600# and therefore will likely sire calves that produce 19, 400# of milk for this dairyman. The heifers that he is looking at have PTAM of -850# so will likely produce about 19, 150 # milk. The heritability for milk yield is 25%. Calculate the expected genetic change per year for milk yield that will likely occur as this dairyman selects for polled calves. Refer to page 225 of the text book and show your work for full credit and don’t forget your units! heritability = 25% or 0. 25 selection differential (SD) = -850 lbs. + -600 lbs. = -1450/2 = -725 generation interval (GI) = 4 genetic change per year (ADG) = -725 X (0. 25) / 4 = -45. 3 lbs. or milk ADG = SD X (heritability) / GI Do not need to know how to calculate but you might want to review what terms like heritability, SD, and GI mean.

Statistics Variation or difference is weaning weight in beef cattle. The variation shown by the bell-shaped curve could be representative of a breed or large herd. The dark vertical line in the center is the average or the mean. In this example, 440 lbs. is the mean. A normal bell-shaped curve for weaning weight showing the number of calves in the area under the curve (400 calves in the herd)

Module 10 Reproduction - Hormones and Female Anatomy Chapter: 10 (first half of chapter) Objectives and Discussion Points -Learn female reproductive anatomy. -Learn the source, target tissue and action of 6 hormones that drive reproduction: Estrogen, Progesterone, Prostaglandin, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gn. RH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH). PLUS Oxytocin -Understand estrus cycle and ovarian changes during cycle.

Female Reproductive Anatomy (Bovine) D A E F B G C H

Female Reproductive Anatomy cont’d. D A E F B G C A. Vulva B. Vagina C. Bladder D. Cervix H E. Body of Uterus F. Uterine horn G. Oviducts H. Ovaries

Major Reproduction Hormones Know the Source, Target tissue, and Function/Action of: - Estrogen - Progesterone - Prostaglandin - Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gn. RH) - Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Table in Chapter 10

Estrogen - Source: - Secreted by the ovary (follicle) and placenta - Target tissue: - Uterus, Hypothalamus, Mammary tissue - Function/Action: - Stimulates growth of accessory reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics - Induces estrus (heat) - Stimulates development of the duct system in mammary glands

Progesterone - Source: - Secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta - Target tissue: - Uterus, Hypothalamus, Mammary tissue - Function/Action: - Inhibits release of FSH & LH - Prepares uterus for implantation - Maintains pregnancy - Mammary gland: develops alveolar system - Synthetic product: CIDR and Regumate

Prostaglandin (F 2 alpha) - Source: - Secreted by the uterus - Target tissue: - Corpus luteum, Uterus, Graafian follicles - Function/Action: - Causes regression of Corpus Luteum in sheep, cattle, and swine - Uterine contraction - Ovulation - Synthetic products: Lutalyse, Prosta. Mate, Estrumate, In-Synch, estro. PLAN

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gn. RH) - Source: - Secreted by the hypothalamus - Target tissue: - Anterior pituitary - Function/Action: - Causes release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary - Synthetic products: Cystorelin, Fertagyl, Factrel, Ova. Cyst

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Source: - Secreted by the anterior pituitary - Target tissue: - Ovary and Testis - Function/Action: - Initiates follicular growth (oogenesis) - Influences spermatogenesis - Synthetic products: Ovagen, Folltropin

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Source: - Secreted by the anterior pituitary - Target tissue: - Ovary - Function/Action: - Stimulates growth of tissues in gonads which secrete hormones - Acts with FSH to cause ovulation. - Causes corpus luteum formation

Estrus Cycle and Ovarian Changes At the very least know the Ovsynch program and which hormones are used

GESTATION LENGTH AND NUMBER OF OFFSPRING BORN: Female Gestation Length in Days Usual Number of Offspring Born Cow (cattle) 283 1 Ewe (sheep) 150 1– 3 Mare (horse) 346 1 Sow (swine) 115 6 – 14 Doe (goat) 150 2– 3 Doe (rabbit) 31 4– 8 Jill (mink) 50 4 Queen (cat) 52 4 Bitch (dog) 60 7

What are three primary placental membranes? (innermost to outermost)

- Amnion - Allantois - Chorion

Module 11 Reproduction - Male Anatomy, Sperm Cells, Gestation Chapter: 10 (second half of chapter) Objectives and Discussion Points -Learn male anatomy, sperm anatomy, process of fertilization. -Discover the basics of embryo growth and implantation.

Male Reproductive Anatomy I H A G F B E D C

Male Reproductive Anatomy cont’d. I H A G F B E D C A. Cowper’s Glands B. Retractor Muscles C. Epididymis D. Scrotum E. Testis F. Penis G. Vas Deferens H. Seminal Vesicles I. Prostate

Sperm Cell Anatomy

Accessory gland fluids (Seminal fluid) What is the purpose of the fluid and what does it contain? Purpose -Add volume to the ejaculate. -Enhance sperm survival. -Enhance sperm movement. -Provision of nutrients for sperm. -Provision of electrolytes for sperm. -Lubrication for mating process. -Neutralization of urinary acid residues in the urethra. Some contents -Sodium chloride -Potassium chloride -Nitrogen -Citric acid -Fructose -Several vitamins

Process of Fertilization

Embryo Growth and Implantation

Module 12 Reproduction - Artificial Insemination, Estrus Synchronization, and Embryo Transfer Chapter: 11 Objectives and Discussion Points -Understand estrus and heat detection -Discuss basics of Artificial Insemination (AI) -Review basic process of Embryo Transfer and sexed semen

Estrus and Heat Detection

Artificial Insemination (AI)

Straws Example -A bull produced 3 ml of semen. -The sperm concentration is 5 billion sperm cells for every 1 m. L of semen. -How many ½ ml straws of semen can you make if you want each straw to contain 25 million sperm cells? -How much extender should you mix with the semen before adding the final product to the straws?

Straws cont’d. -A bull produced 3 ml of semen. -The sperm concentration is 5 billion sperm cells for every 1 m. L of semen. -How many ½ ml straws of semen can you make if you want each straw to contain 25 million sperm cells? Cells per m. L X (volume of collected semen) = Total cells in semen collected 5 billion cells per m. L X (3 m. L) = 15 billion total sperm cells Total cells in semen collected / number of cells per straw = Total number of straws 1 cc = 1 cubic centimeter = 1 m. L Another way to deal with large numbers 15, 000, 000 = 15 x 109 25, 000 = 25 x 106 15 billion cells / 25 million cells = 15, 000, 000 / 25, 000 = 15, 000 / 25 = 600 ½ cc or m. L straws -How much extender should you mix with the semen before adding the final product to the straws? Total number of straws X (volume per straw) = Final volume - volume of semen collected = Total volume of extender mixed with semen 600 straws X ( ½ cc or 0. 5 m. L) = 300 m. L - 3 m. L semen = 297 m. L of extender If you are using ¼ cc straws, multiply your number of straws by ¼ or 0. 25 to find the amount of extender you will mix in.

Embryo Transfer and Sexed Semen

Module 13 Feed and Nutrients Chapter: 15 Objectives and Discussion Points -Nutrients in Food/Feed -Learn to classify feed as forage, concentrate or supplement -Discuss methods and purpose of feed processing

- Feed usually represents the single biggest expense in animal production. - It generally accounts for >50% of the total cost of production. - Labor is generally second at about 10%.

What are the six nutrients ?

The Six Nutrients - Protein - Carbohydrates - Fats - Minerals - Vitamins - Water

Nutrients and some of their functions Match the nutrients with the appropriate description _______ Proteins _______ Fats _______ Carbohydrates _______ Minerals _______ Vitamins _______ Water A. Primary energy source B. Major cell component C. Can be water or fat soluble I. Concentrated energy source J. Compose most of the muscle mass D. Slight excess can be very harmful K. Necessary for metabolic reactions E. Contains a combination of 25 amino acids L. Contains Carbon F. Contains 16 % nitrogen M. Contains Hydrogen G. Necessary for health N. Contains Oxygen H. Required in much smaller amounts O. Contains Nitrogen This or a similar format is probably what you will see for the hormone matching section

Nutrients and some of their functions cont’d. E, F, G, J, L, M, N, O : Proteins A, G, I, L, M, N: Fats A, G, L, M, N: Carbohydrates D, G, H, K: Minerals C, G, H, K: Vitamins B, J, M, N: Water

Feed Classifications Forage /Roughages – High in fiber. Low in digestible nutrients - Large particle size Examples: - Low digestibility - Alfalfa hay - Low density - Corn Silage - Whole plant Concentrates – Low in fiber. High is digestible nutrients - Small particle size Examples: - High digestibility - Soybeans - High density - Oats - Usually seeds Supplements – - Typically vitamins, minerals, anti-biotics, probiotics - Added in relatively small amounts - Expensive Examples: - Copper - Salt

Module 14 Digestion and Absorption of Feed Chapter: 16 Objectives and Discussion Points -Learn basic digestive tract anatomy -Learn what carbs, proteins and fats from feed have to become before they are absorbed -Discuss common GI tract ailments: bloat, twisted stomach (DA), colic.

Ruminant Digestion Anatomy G F E E A C D B

Ruminant Digestion Anatomy cont’d. G F E E C D A. Esophagus B. Reticulum C. Omasum D. Abomasum A B E. Rumen F. Small Intestine -Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum G. Large Intestine

Monogastric Digestion Anatomy D E C F A B G

Monogastric Digestion Anatomy cont’d. D E C F A. B. C. D. E. A B G Stomach F. Hind gut Small intestine G. Fore gut Cecum Large Colon (Large intestine) Small Colon (Large intestine)

Poultry Digestion Anatomy C D A G B I E F H

Poultry Digestion Anatomy cont’d. C D A G B I H E A. B. C. D. E. Oesophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small Intestine F F. Ceca G. Large Intestine H. Cloaca I. Vent

Digestion Pathways What parts of digestive tract will feed touch as it passes through an animal? Monogastrics (with functional cecum) Poultry (Simple Monogastric) Ruminants - Mouth - Esophagus - Simple Stomach - Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - Cecum - Large Intestine - Rectum - Anus Examples - Mouth - Esophagus - Crop - Proventriculus (stomach) - Gizzard - Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - Ceca - Large Intestine - Cloaca - Vent Examples - Mouth - Esophagus - Rumen & Reticulum (Regurgitated, Rechewed, Reinsalivated, Reswallowed) - Omasum (Manyplies) - Abomasum (True Stomach) - Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - Cecum - Large Intestine (Colon) - Rectum - Anus Examples (Polygastric) Herbivores Omnivores Herbivores

Carbs, Protein, and Fats from Feed

Common GI Tract Ailments Bloat (Ruminants) - excess accumulation of rumen gas - Frothy bloat caused by rapidly digesting protein - Free-gas (secondary) bloat caused by high grain diet, anatomical issues, or esophagus obstruction Bloat risk factors - Irregular feeding (hunger), sudden feed changes, weather events (frost), genetic predisposition, pneumonia Twisted Stomach (Distended Abomasum - DA) (Ruminants) - Abomasum normally rests on the ventral floor of the abdomen - Occasionally it twists to the left or the right. (LDA or RDA) - LDA most common and requires surgery - RDA usually fatal within 12 -24 hours Twisted stomach risk factors - Irregular feeding, sudden feed changes, weather events, genetic pre-disposition Colic (Horses) - Abdominal pain Colic risk factors - Inconsistent feeding, inadequate water, infection, inflammation, and/or blockage (foreign material- Justin mentioned build-up of sand in class) of the intestine

The Liver What are some functions of the liver? -Produces exocrine secretion named bile -Synthetic Reactions -Metabolic Reactions -Embryonic formation of blood cell -Destruction of aged blood cells -Storage -Detoxification

Abbreviations A small sampling of the many we have talked about since the midterm. Know what they stand for, but more importantly how they are connected to the course material - BSE - SD - LH - Gn. RH - FSH - VFA - TDN

Know your vocabulary What do these terms mean? What are they? Where are they? Examples: Module 9 Genes, Chromosomes, Alleles, Locus, Gametes, Zygote, Sex cells, Genotype, Phenotype, Deoxyribonucleic Acid Module 10 Female reproductive anatomical structures for ruminants, poultry, and monogastrics, All 6 hormones plus insulin, and oxytocin Module 11 Male reproductive anatomical structures for ruminants, poultry, and monogastrics, Amnion, Allantois, Chorion, Caruncles Module 12 Artificial insemination, Embryo transfer, Estrus, Estrous Module 13 Forages/Roughages, Concentrates, Supplements Module 14 Mastication, Swallowing or deglutition, secretion, peristalsis, absorption, ingesta, cud, chyme, enzymes, digestive anatomical structures in ruminants, poultry, and monogastrics

Recommendations - Go through all the quiz questions - Understand why each answer is correct or incorrect - Use the quizzes as a practice test to determine where your strengths and weaknesses lie - Know how to do calculations - Some mentioned in class are: (Gene frequency (similar to #1 on assignment), Genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a given cross (similar to #2 on assignment), Semen straws (similar to quiz question) - Reproduction hormones ( 1. Estrogen, 2. Progesterone, 3. Prostaglandin, 4. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (Gn. RH), 5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), 6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Oxytocin and Insulin - Book (bold words, and diagrams shown in class)