Advanced Placement United States History 1 1 Why

Advanced Placement United States History 1

1. Why was America socially, economically, and politically reluctant to become involved in what would become WWII? 2. WWII marked beginning of a real civil rights movement among Black Americans. Why? 3. The New Deal did not stop the G. D. WWII did. Assess. 4. Dropping the bomb was necessary to end the war. To what extent was this true for those making the decision in 1945. 5. Respond to the following statement: It was “easier” for America to drop the atomic bomb on Japan because the Japanese are racially different from the majority of Americans; America would never have dropped an atomic bomb on Europe. 6. What perceptions or misperceptions at the end of WWII created the Cold War? 7. Why did America emerge into the post World War 2 era as a “super” power? 2

World War II USS Shaw – Pearl Harbor – December 7 th 3

Japan’s Goals Fear of disruption of internal order n Meiji Restoration Government n Militarism (Samurai Tradition) n Interwar years – Intensive rise in Racism & Nationalism n Problems: Geographic Limitations n Solution: Displace U. S. & Britain in China n 4

1930 -1935 Manchurian “Incident” n Henry L. Stimson- Internationalist n Puppet state –Manchukuo; Manchuria (1931) u League of Nations u Hoover – Kellogg Briand n Economic sanctions opposed n Stimson Doctrine n 5

Italy’s Goals Perennially poor n Betrayed by Versailles n Benito Mussolini n Fascism n 1922 March on Rome n Axis Powers- Germany & Italy n 6

Germany – Interwar Years 1919 -1930 Adolf Hitler (Austrian) n WWI – Infantryman w/ Germans n Weimar Republic n Beer Hall Putsch (coup) 1923 n Mein Kampf n 7

Good Neighbor Policy n n n n n Was it “national neutrality neurosis”? U. S. Endorsement of Non-Intervention Renunciation of Roosevelt Corollary Philippines- Tydings Mc. Duffie Act (1934) Haiti Cuba Nicaragua Mexico London Economic Conference (1933) New Deal Tariff Policy u Reciprocal Trade Agreement Acts 8

Nye Committee Hearings - 1934 n WWI n Munitions / Banking n Recommended Neutrality n Walter Millis The Road to War: America 1914 -1917 Gerald P. Nye (Rep. , S. D. ) 9

Neutrality Acts of ‘ 35, ‘ 36, ‘ 37 No Lusitania this time! n n 1935 -1936 Reoccupation Rhineland Mussolini –Ethiopia Japan- Nullifies 5 Power 10

U. S. Appeasement n East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere n Panay Incident Rape of Nanking – Dec 1937 97% Americans U. S. out of war Quarantine Speech 1937 n n n Rape of Nanking 11

Munich Conference - Appeasement n n n Anchluss (union) 1938 with Austria Munich Appeasement Sept 1938 Neville Chamberlain Edouard Deladier Sudetenland -German speaking western portion of Czechoslovakia 12

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Neutrality Act of 1939 (Cash & Carry) Hitler-Stalin Pact Aug 1939 n Invasion of Poland Sept 1939 n Britain & France declared war n “Cash &Carry” n Hitler must be defeated n 14

America First Committee • Opposed all Aid to Britain • FDR a “War Monger” • Kristallnacht November 9, 10, 1938 Night of Broken Glass • Phony War 1940 Charles Lindbergh 15

Blietzkrieg – April 9 -June 22 Maginot Line n Denmark/Norway n Netherlands/Belgium n France/Dunkirk n Charles De Gaulle n Vichy Government n Prime Minister Winston Churchill n 16

Britain goes it alone… FDR floats trial balloons… Winston Churchill n Battle of Britain n …”we shall never surrender” n Battle of the Atlantic n FDR n Top secret atomic energy program n Two ocean navy n $37 Billion n Selective Service Act 1940 n 17

The Destroyer Deal - Sept. 1940 U. S. Gives Britain 50 old World War I Destroyers for Eight Naval Bases Used to Fight German U-Boats in the Atlantic. “all aid short of war” 18

FDR Breaks Two Term Tradition 1940 Election vs. Wendell Wilkie, Republican Franklin Roosevelt, Democrat 19

The Four Freedoms Speech: Delivered before Congress January 6, 1941 *from Fear *from Want *of Speech *to Worship 20

The Four Freedoms: from FEAR World War II Poster by Norman Rockwell 21

The Four Freedoms: of SPEECH World War II Poster by Norman Rockwell 22

Undeclared War on Germany Lend Lease – Feb 1941 n Bill #1776 – An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States n Arsenal of Democracy n “sell, lend, lease, exchange, or transfer…” n Extended to Soviet Union n 23

Atlantic Conference August 9 -12, 1941 The Atlantic Charter: “…after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, (we) hope to see established a peace which will afford… all men … (the means to)… live out their lives in freedom from fear and want…” 24

Atlantic Conference Secret Agreement FDR promised Churchill that U. S. Navy ships would pursue and attack Nazi U-boats in the Atlantic until an incident was created to provide a cause for war. USS Greer 9/41 “Shoot on Sight” USS Reuben James 10/31/41 Merchant Ships Armed 25

Pearl Harbor Attack Tojo & Matsuoka Dec of War on Japan – Dec 8 Hitler on U. S. – Dec 11 2, 403 Servicemen Killed December 7, 1941 26

December 8, 1941 “I fear we have only awakened a sleeping giant. ”Admiral Yamamoto 27

Washington Conference Dec. 22, 1941 to Jan. 14, 1942 FDR & Churchill adopt a policy of “Europe First” that considers Germany the greater danger than Japan. 28

War on the Home Front n n n n War Production Board Unions African Americans Japanese Internment Women Braceros Code Talkers (Windtalkers) Zoot Suit Riots (Los Angeles) 29

March on Washington, 1941 A. Philip Randolph Demands Jobs for Blacks in Defense Industry 30

March on Washington, 1941 n FDR Issues Executive Order 8802 Guaranteeing Blacks Jobs in Defense Plants Fair Employment Practices Commission n Double V n 31

March on Washington, 1941 A. Philip Randolph would later organize the 1963 March on Washington where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his “I Have a Dream Speech” WWII Poster Promoting 32 Racial Unity

Executive Order 9066 120, 000 Japanese Americans Ordered Interned, 1942 33

“Waiting for the Signal from Home…. ” Dr. Seuss Korematsu v. U. S. – decision upheld internment Ex parte Endo – forbade internment of loyal Japanese 34 Americans

Japanese American Internment CAUSED BY: Anti-Asian Racism Anger over Pearl Harbor Fear of “Jap” Invasion Fear of “Jap” Sabotage 35

Nisei Soldiers in U. S. Army Daniel Inouye, 1 st Lt. , 442 nd Regimental Combat Team later: U. S. Senator, Hawaii 36

War Propaganda Promoted Vigilance, …sometimes this translated as mistrust. 37

War Propaganda Promoted Vigilance, …sometimes this translated as social change. for African Americans… for women… 38

War Propaganda Promoted Vigilance, …sometimes it urged harder work. 39

War Propaganda Promoted Vigilance, …sometimes it urged conservation. “Step on it, kid, ya got gas and rubber to burn!” 40

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North African Invasion November 8, 1942 43

Casablanca Conference January 14 -23, 1943 Eisenhower & FDR The Allied Powers demand “Unconditional Surrender” from the Axis nations. 44

Invasion of Sicily & Italy August 1943 45

Teheran Conference November 28 -December 2, 1943 Stalin Roosevelt Churchill 46

Accomplishments of Teheran: Britain and U. S. A. to Open Second Front Against Nazis in Europe – D-Day Invasion n Disagree Over Partitioning of Germany – Agreed to Occupation Zones Instead n 47

Invasion of Europe – D-Day June 6, 1944 – Normandy, France 48

Roosevelt’s Fourth Term, 1944 Thomas Dewey Republican 49

Yalta Conference Feb 4 - Feb 11, 1945 n n Details of United Nations Security Council Soviets to Attack Japan after Nazi Surrender Allies Unwilling Acquiesce to Soviet Dominance in Eastern Europe But agreed to annex of eastern Poland in return for 50 free elections in Poland itself

Changing of the Guard: April 12, 1945 Vice President Harry S Truman FDR: Died Warm Spring, GA. 51

VE Day – Victory in Europe May 7, 1945 Nazis Surrender, New York Crowd Celebrates 52

Potsdam Conference July 16, 1945 -August 2, 1945 Clement Atlee Harry Truman Joseph Stalin 53

Atomic Bombs Alamogordo, NM July 16, 1945 Hiroshima August 6, 1945 Nagasaki August 9, 1945 54

VJ Day – Victory Over Japan Celebrations in Times Square, NYC, Aug. 14, 1945 55

FDR and World War II THE END USS Missouri 56

Prime Minister Tideki Tojo 57

War Criminals 58

Atlantic– Aug 1941 – Churchill & FDR n Washington– Dec 1941 Churchill & FDR n Casablanca- Jan 1943 Churchill & FDR n Cairo- Nov 1943 Churchill, FDR, Jiang n Teherann Yalta n Potsdam n 59

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