Adolph Hitler Nazi Germany Adolph Hitler Nazis given

Adolph Hitler & Nazi Germany Adolph Hitler & Nazis given emergency dictatorial powers in March 1933 Used resentment of treaty & Jews as scapegoats Nuremburg Laws (1935) excluded Jews from citizenship & banned intermarriage Kristallnacht (Nov. 9 -10, 1938) began organized violence Began secretly rebuilding military in 1935 Reoccupied Rhineland in 1936 SS Blood Flag Ritual Aftermath of Kristallnacht

Axis Aggression & Appeasement Nov. 1937: Italy joined Germany & Japan’s Anti-Comintern Pact March 1938: Germany annexed Austria (Anschluss) Sept. 1938: British & French Benito Mussolini & Adolph Hitler accepted German annexation of Sudetenland at Munich Conference Aug. 1939: Germany & USSR agreed to divide eastern Europe in Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland © 2000 Wadsworth / Thomson Learning Sept. 3, 1939: Britain & France declared war on Germany

The European Theater, 1939 -41 Blitzkrieg revolutionized warfare Planes Tanks April 1940: Germany conquered Denmark & Norway May 1940: Germany overran Low Countries June 1940: France surrendered to Germany

American Isolationism Nye Committee (1934 -37) investigated whether the U. S. had been duped into entering World War I 1937 Gallup Poll showed 2/3 of Americans thought U. S. involvement in WWI had been a mistake 1937 Neutrality Act: Americans couldn’t travel on belligerent ships Belligerents could only purchase nonmilitary goods, on “cash and carry” basis Copyright 1997 Prentice-Hall

The Arsenal of Democracy Nov. 1939 – Neutrality Act amended to allow arms sales to belligerents July 1940 – Republicans Henry Stimson & Frank Knox brought into cabinet as War & Navy Secretaries Sept. 1940 – Destroyer-Base Deal traded 50 “old” destroyers for 8 military bases Selective Service Act – 1 st peacetime draft March 1941 – Lend-Lease Act allowed Britain (and later USSR) to “borrow” $50 billion worth of supplies U. S. got into undeclared naval war in Atlantic escorted British convoys – several shooting incidents in fall Marines took over Greenland & Iceland to secure route

Declaring War Aims Aug. 1941 – FDR & Churchill meet & issue Atlantic Charter: Collective security Disarmament Self-determination Economic cooperation Freedom of the seas Churchill & Roosevelt, Aug. 1941 The Four Freedoms: Freedom of Speech of Worship From Want From Fear Norman Rockwell, “Freedom of Worship”

Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941 Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martins

U. S. -Japanese Conflict Japanese had long resented U. S. immigration policy & coveted Philippines U. S. condemned Japanese invasion of China in 1937 After Japan signed Tripartite Pact (Sept. 1940) & joined Axis, U. S. embargoed aviation fuel & scrap metal U. S. froze all Japanese assets in U. S. , July 1941 MAGIC intercepts revealed attack was coming, but not where it would come Hideki Tojo, Japanese Prime Minister 1941 -44

The Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese fleet crossed Pacific in radio silence 60 ships 6 carriers with 360 planes U. S. lost: USS Shaw USS Arizona 19 ships sunk or disabled 160 aircraft destroyed 2, 403 killed & 1, 178 wounded U. S. aircraft carriers spared because out at sea on exercises

Aerial Photo of Pearl Harbor

The War in Europe Stalin wanted second front immediately British preferred to attack “soft underbelly” (N. Africa & Italy) Russians deserve most of the credit for winning the war in Europe Battle of Stalingrad (Sept. 1942 - Jan. 1943)= turning point in Europe

The War in Europe Nov. 1942: U. S. & British land at Casablanca July 1943: U. S. & British invade Sicily, then Italy June 1944: Normandy invasion (Operation Overlord) May 7, 1945 = V-E Day

Race War in the Pacific

The Bataan Death March

The War in the Pacific U. S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima (Aug. 6) & Nagasaki (Aug. 9) Aug. 14/15, 1945 = V-J Day Turning point = Battles of Coral Sea (May 1942) & Midway (June 1942) Naval & air superiority allows “island-hopping” Victory at Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944) began reconquest of Philippines Bloodbaths at Iwo Jima (Feb. -March 1945) & Okinawa (April-June 1945), coupled with kamikaze attacks, made invasion of Japan unappealing

The Pacific Theater Gen. Macarthur Returns to the Philippines Marines Raising the Flag on Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima, Feb. 1945

WWII Deaths USSR = 25 million China = 15 million Poland = 6 million Germany = 4 million Japan = 2 million Yugoslavia 1. 5 – 2 million USA = 400, 000 U. S. Military Cemetery, Normandy

The Home Front War Production Board oversaw plant conversion & production Chairman = Donald Nelson Cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts Big business benefitted the most Received 2/3 of gov’t contracts Corporate profits doubled, 1939 -43 Union membership rose from 8. 5 million to 14. 75 million, 1940 -45 Wages rose 135%, 140 -45 6 million women entered workforce • 2. 5 million in industry • 75% married

WWII Propaganda Posters

Internment of Japanese Americans 300, 000 aliens (1/2 Japanese) rounded up in week after Pearl Harbor FDR issued Executive Order 9066 Feb. 19, 1942 120, 000 (2/3 U. S. citizens) West coast, but not Hawaii War Relocation Authority ran internment camps Upheld by Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U. S. (1944) Nisei 442 nd Regiment one of the most highly decorated units in WW II