Adolescents what they say they want what they
- Slides: 19
Adolescents: what they say they want, what they want you to hear, and what really makes them happy Kathryn Williams and Joseph Ciarrochi
Some questions about values • Are some values ‘healthier’ than others? – Idiosyncratic theories – Universal theories – Humanistic theories • What if some values are subject to social pressure? • What is the relationship between values and well-being? • How does this change as you grow up?
Theory of basic human values (Schwartz, 1992, in Schwartz and Boehnke, 2004)
Self-Determination Theory (e. g. , Deci & Ryan, 2000) • Power • Wealth • Being admired or famous • Hedonism • Controlled motives • Relationships • Personal growth • Contributing to the community • Physical health • Autonomous motives
Wollongong Youth Study • Longitudinal data from 5 schools • Self-, peer- and teacher-report measures and grades for adolescents aged 12 -17 • Online surveys of young adults
Survey of Guiding Principles • Based on Schwartz Values Survey • Value importance, pressure, success • Factor analysis (Stefanic 2009) – 7 factors accounting for 76. 8% of variance • Based on Schwartz theory and reliability analysis, created three more clusters • Other items are used individually • Total of 30 items/clusters in 13 groups
SGP item* or cluster (no. items) Universalism (3) Hedonism (2) Having genuine, close friends* Stimulation (3) Benevolence (4) Striving to be a better person* Helping others* Being self-sufficient* Having relationships involving love …* Being curious* Religion (2) Solving problems* Showing respect for tradition* Artistic (4) Conformity (2) Resolving disputes* Being safe from danger* Teaching others* Reciprocation of favours …* Managing things* Influence over others (3) Practical work (2) Being admired by many people* Physical health (3) Being wealthy* Having courage* Conscientious achievement (4) Sex (2) Being competent and effective* Having a sense of accomplishment …*
Data analysis • Correlations between value importance, pressure, success and well-being: PANAS-X, Satisfaction With Life Survey • Plotted mean importance and pressure of value items/clusters against correlations
Correlations with well-being Mean scores Joviality Sadness Hostility Life satisfaction Yr 12 Post Importance . 26** . 24** -. 01 -. 16** -. 05 -. 18** . 15* . 36** Pressure -. 16* -. 13* . 17* . 29** . 14* . 26** -. 16* -. 18** Success . 33** . 39** -. 15* -. 29** -. 04 -. 26** . 45**
Importance: female Year 12
Importance: female post school
Importance: male Year 12
Importance: male post school
Pressure: female Year 12
Pressure: female post school
Pressure: male Year 12
Pressure: male post school
What really makes them happy? • No clear intrinsic/extrinsic divide • Power, sexual desirability, physical fitness, achievement, stimulation are no less rewarding than universalism, love • Girls’ well-being linked to success at ‘Having genuine and close friends’ • Boys’ well-being depends on leadership • Success at socially desirable, pressured values linked with well-being post-school
Closing thoughts … • A broad, comprehensive measure of ‘universal’ values is useful for identifying valued life directions among adolescents and young adults • What people tell you is important is not always linked to their well-being …
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