Adolescence Chapter 4 Adolescence Transition between childhood and
Adolescence Chapter 4
Adolescence ► Transition between childhood and adulthood ► Psychological terms § Time period of mixed abilities and responsibilities in which childlike behavior changes to adult like behavior ► Initiation Rites § Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position ► 16, 18, 21 graduations, bar mitzvahs
Theories of adolscence ► Margret Mead § Adolescence is a highly enjoyable time and not marked by storm and stress § Culture plays an important role in development ► G. Stanley Hall § Adolescence as representing a transitional stage § Animal in a cage-sees freedom but does not know when or how to handle it § Confused, troubled and highly frustrated
Theories continued ► Factors § § that determine adjustment Varies between individuals Adjustment in childhood Adjustment of parents and peers And the changes that occur ► 1988 report § 11 percent have serious difficulties § 32 percent have sporadic problems § 57 enjoy positive times ► ***Do you think this changed since 1988?
Theories Continued ► Robert Havighurst ► Every adolescent faces challenges in the form of developmental tasks that must be mastered § § § § § Accepting ones physical makeup and acquiring gender role Developing appropriate relations with peers Becoming emotionally independent or parents Assurance that they will become economically independent Deciding/entering a profession Developing cognitive skills for social competence Understanding/achieving socially responsible behavior Preparing for marriage and family Acquiring values
Physical Development ► Puberty § Sexual maturation § Girls between 8 -10 § Boys 9 -16 § Growth spurts
Reactions to Growth ► Self consciousness § Research-boys who develop early=advantage § Effects felt into their 30 s ► Research –girls who develop early=disadvantage ► Psychological reactions to physical growth may be result of a self-fulfilling prophecy ► Boy who believes he does not meet culture’s physical ideal may think less of himself
Sexual Development ► Sexual attitudes § Cultural variations ► Change in sexual attitudes § The Youth Risk behavior Surveillance report ► 1 million pregnancies occur/year w/ adolescence ► 3 million cases of STDs ► Rates falling since 1991 but still an issue
What impacts behaviors ► Children of teenage mothers ► Fear of STDs/AIDS
Personal Development ► Cognitive Development § Formal operations § More abstract thinking-hypothetical, ethical, conformity § Problem solving § Rationalization ►A process when individuals seek to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his/her self-esteem ►**again, variations from individual to individual, social, economic classes
Personal Devlopment Cont. Idealism-“just quit” ► Some problems with adolescent development as a result of Immaturity § Argumentativeness § Finding fault with authority figures-fault-everyone know § Indecisiveness § Apparent hypocrisy § Self-consciousness § Invulnerability-risk taking, self-destructive behaviors-not subject to same rules ►
Moral Development ► Kohlberg § Moral reasoning develops in stages § To see situations from another's view point ► What effects moral development? § Relationships with parents § Significant others ► After high school is when most moral development occurs WHY?
Identity Development ► Erikson § Establishment of identity is key to development ► Theory of Identity Crisis § Children live in future-adolescents think about future ► Identity Crisis § A time of inner conflict during which adolescents worry about who they are ► Physiological changes ► Cognitive developments ► Sexual development
Erikson Continued “WHO AM I” ► See the future as a reality ► Inner conflict § Desire to feel unique vs. to fit in (must resolve this in order to achieve a sense of self) ► Identity forms when Issues regarding job, values, sexual identity ► Role confusion=chaos, a child like behaviors
James Marcia Supports Erikson and identity crisis ► Individuals must make a decision on issues(politics, religion, job) ► 4 attempts to achieve a sense of identity ► § Identity moratorium adolescents ► Seriously considering issues but not made a commitment § Identity foreclosure adolescents ► Have made a firm commitment on issue but not on their own choice but suggestions of others § Identity confused or diffused adolescents ► Not given any thought to making a decision, no sense of identity § Identity achievement adolescents ► Who considered may possibilities and have committed themselves
Social Learning View ► AC Peterson § Crisis not a normal for adolescents § Change in external circumstances-divorce ► Albert Bandura § Social Learning Theory § Develop due to interaction with others
Social Development ► Role of Peers ► Peers groups § Hierarchy-who is in what group, what do they do? § Early in adolescence divided by gender but become coed § Form along class lines § Teach how to act in the world (good neighborhood) ► Role of family § Becoming independent of families § Mixed feelings on both sides
Peer groups continued ► What forms peer groups? § Personal characteristics looks, personality, athletic ability) Clique-small, exclusive group of people within a larger group ► Functions ► § Fulfills need for closeness § Define self (self confidence, independence) ► Down sides § Conformity-acting in accordance with some specified authority § ** both parents and peers influence
Difficulties during adolescence ► Rates of depression, mental illness, suicide increasing-WHY? ► Invulnerability § Running away, pregnancy, drugs, underachievement § Juveniles-17% of all violent crimes § 35% of all property crimes
Depression and Suicide ► What causes depression in adolescents? § Loss of a loved one § Separation or divorce ► What § § does depression look it in adolescents? Anger, rebellious behaviors, hyperactive Change in intensity/frequency of rebellious behaviors Withdrawal from friends Talking about suicide
Eating Disorder ► Anorexia nervosa § Refusing to eat and not maintaining weight-fear of gaining weight § Distorted body image § Refusal to grow up? Control? ► bulimia nervosa § Binge eating followed by purging § Laxatives, fasting, dieting to eliminate calories during binge Females more likely to develop ► Do not get the calories or nutrition they need to grow ► Treatment-therapy, anti-depressants ►
Gender Roles and Differences “boys will be boys” ► Girls dressed in Pink and boys in blue ► Gender specific names ► Act differently ► Nature vs. nurture?
Gender Roles ► Gender identity § The sex group (masculine or feminine) to which an individual belongs to biologically § Awareness of being male or female § Between 2 -3 § By 5 learned expectations, behaviors ► Gender role § Set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex § Genetic but mostly by society and culture § U. S. =men dominate, aggressive, competitive § Can change over time and from societies
Gender roles continued ► Gender stereotypes § Oversimplified or distorted generalization about characteristics or men/women § Historically division of labor § Some argue should be androgynous ►Combining or blending traditionally male/female characteristics ► Bem Sex Role Inventory § 50 percent traditional § 15 percent cross-sexed typed § 36 percent androgynous
gender differences Personality ► Males more confident (math, science) ► Females more verbal aggression, males more physical ► Society encourages male aggression ► Men lower levels of serotonin ► Communication ► § § § men talk more and interrupt more Females talk more when they have power Women use hedges-”you know” “Kind of” Women also use disclaimers-”I may be wrong” Women use more tag questions- “Okay? ”
Cognitive Abilities ► No measurable difference between sexes in math and verbal skills ► Problem solving skills improve for men in H. S ► Men do better on spatial reasoning ► Women better at tracking objects
Origins of Gender Differences ► Biological theory of gender-anatomy, hormones ► Psychoanalytic theory-Freud ► Social Learning theory ► Cognitive Developmental theory § Historically § Child identifies with parents of same sex, gender identity results § Social and cognitive processes-modeling § Praise girl for cleaning § Interacting with environment and thinking about experiences § Learn standards for male/female behaviors § Gender schemas-set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think/behave
Changing Gender Roles ► Women in work force ► Age of marriage
► -Monday-review ► Tuesdsay-test ► Wednesday-pp-what is it like to be teenager? ► Thursday► Friday ► Video children at play-aggression ► Bem sex role inventory ► 20/20 eating disorders
- Slides: 30