ADMINISTRATIVE DOCTRINES FROM THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TO

ADMINISTRATIVE DOCTRINES: FROM THE NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT TO GOOD GOVERNANCE Unit 9

ADMINISTRATIVE DOCTRINES o New public management o Good governance

New public management: definition o A management philosophy used by governments since the 1980 s to modernise the public sector. o The wave of public sector reforms throughout the world since the 1980 s.

New Public Management o The main hypothesis in the NPM-reform: more market orientation in the public sector will lead to greater cost-efficiency for governments, without having negative side effects on other objectives and considerations

New Public Management o NPM, compared to other public management theories, is more oriented towards outcomes and efficiency through better management of public budget.

New Public Management o achieved by applying competition, as it is known in the private sector, to organizations in the public sector, emphasizing economic and leadership principles. o addresses beneficiaries of public services like customers, and citizens as shareholders.

NPM: later developments o splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented ones, o competition between different public agencies, and between public agencies and private firms o incentivization on more economic lines

Characteristics of NPM o Orientation towards economy, efficiency and effectiveness o Market principles o Effort to impose values and techniques of private sector management into the public sector

Managerial reforms of public administration o Structural o Functional o Personnel oriented o Others (financial, political, social etc. )

The new public management o New Zealand, the UK, Australia, Canada, the USA o International organizations: World Bank, International Monetary Fund

Problems o Muddled lines of political accountability o Poor contacts with the public o Decreased transparency o Corruption o Additional expenses o Neglect of citizens’ rights, etc.

New developments o Digital era governance: 3 key elements – 1) reintegration (bringing issues back into government control); o 2) needs-based holism (reorganizing government around distinct client groups);

New developments o 3) digitalization (fully exploiting the potential of digital storage and Internet communications to transform governance).

Good governance: definition o Governance: process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). o Hereby, public institutions conduct public affairs, manage public resources, and guarantee the realization of human rights.

Good governance o Good governance accomplishes this in a manner essentially free of abuse and corruption, and with due regard for the rule of law

Good governance o Openess o Participation o Responsibility o Effectiveness o coherency

Characteristics of good governance

Participation o Participation by both men and women - a key cornerstone of good governance. o Participation: direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives.

Participation o Participation: informed and organized. o Freedom of association and expression; an organized civil society

Rule of law o Good governance requires: o fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. o protection of human rights, esp. those of minorities.

Rule of law o Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.

Transparency o Decisions taken and their enforcement done in a manner that follows rules and regulations.

Transparency o information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. o enough information provided; o information provided in easily understandable forms and media.

Responsiveness o Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.

Consensus oriented o Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved.

Good governance o It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community

Equity and inclusiveness o A society’s well-being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society.

Equity and inclusiveness o This requires that all groups, particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.

Efectiveness and efficiency o Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal.

Efectiveness and efficiency o The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment.

Accountability o Accountability - key requirement of good governance. o Not only governmental institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders.

Accountability o An organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law.

Focus o The role of citizens and civil society o Transparency o Legitimacy o Efficiency o Human and citizens’ rights

Focus o The rule of law o Better quality of public services o Modern information and communication technologies o Better human resources management

Citizens o Partners who contribute to results of activities in public administration o Should be informed and consulted o Participate in the creation of public policies and administrative and other public processes

Legal terms o Coherency o Dosljednost, razumljivost, povezanost o Legitimacy o Zakonitost

Abbreviations o UN o United Nations o EU o European Union o OECD o Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

Abbreviations o IMF o International Monetary Fund o WB o World Bank

Translation o Suvremeni razvoj uprave karakteriziraju dvije utjecajne doktrine: nov javni management i dobro upravljanje.

Translation o Doktrina novog javnog menadžmenta vrlo je utjecajna od 1980. Karakterizira je orijentacija prema ekonomiji, uspješnosti i učinkovitosti, nastojanja da se državna uprava i javni sektor podvrgnu tržišnim načelima i metodama koje razvijaju poduzetničko ponašanje te, općenito, nastojanjem da se “većina vrijednosti i tehnika upravljanja privatnim sektorom nametne javnom sektoru.

Translation o Mjere i učinci menadžerskih reformi javne uprave su strukturalni, funkcionalni, usmjereni prema osoblju i drugi (financijski, politički, usmjereni prema osoblju itd. )

Translation o Nova javna uprava široko je prihvaćena na Novom Zelandu, Ujedinjenom kraljevstvu, Australiji, Kanadi i SAD-u. Menadžerski pristup proširio se u Europi i drugim kontinentima različitom brzinom i u različitom stupnju. Međunarodne organizacije kao Svjetska banka i Međunarodni monetarni fond zagovaraju menadžerski pristup.

Translation o No, od 1990 -ih godina primjećuju se i neki nepovoljni učinci minimalizirajućih i tržištu usmjerenih reformi javne uprave. Nejasne linije političke odgovornosti, loši kontakti s javnošću, smanjena transparentnost, korupcija, dodatni troškovi, ponovno jačanje regulacije, zanemarivanje prava građana su neki od njih.

Translation o Pod tim uvjetima, UN, EU, OECD, Međunarodni monetarni fond i Svjetska banka počeli su zagovarati dobro upravljanje.

Translation o Među načelima dobre uprave, EU naglašava otvorenost, sudjelovanje, uspješnost i razumljivost. Nova doktrinarna orijentacija naglašava ulogu građana i civilnog društva, transparentnost, legitimitet, učinkovitost, ljudska i građanska prava, pravnu državu, bolju kvalitetu javnih službi, uvođenje moderne informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije i bolje upravljanje ljudskim resursima.

Translation o Građani se smatraju partnerima koji značajno pridonose krajnjim rezultatima aktivnosti javne uprave. Građane treba informirati i konzultirati, moraju sudjelovati u stvaranju javne politike i upravnim i drugim javnim procesima. o Sve u svemu, “dobro upravljanje je…kombinacija demokratskog i učinkovitog upravljanja”