Adjectives and Adverbs By Yeonsoo Suh Danitza Lopez

Adjectives and Adverbs By: Yeonsoo Suh & Danitza Lopez

Ch. 12 Adjectives Stacking of adjectives in a special order Comparative & superlative forms Positions of adjectives: attribute & predicative Adjective phrases

Stacking of Adjectives: more than two adjectives before a head noun *The little old poor lady When different types of adjectives are used without coordinating conjunctions Ø Øadjectives must be put in a special order ØThe poor little old lady

The order of cumulative adjectives opinion Physical state Beautiful Large Angry Small Wise little poor Intelligent Oval long clear Rusty broken cold age color Proper noun used as adjective nationality Religion political belief material Noun used as adjectiv e Old Black English new red Japanese Christian Silk Metal Wood(en) Fashion School Marxist

Time to practice Worksheet #1

Gradability of Adjectives: Comparative & Superlative Inflections(-er) & (-est) Lively-livelier-liveliest Cold-colder-coldest Private*privater*privatest More/Most or Less/Least + Two or more syllables, Participial adjectives more lively-most lively more private-most private Participial adjectives: more interesting, less boring, most excited

Positions of Adjectives Attributive: Before a head noun in a NP That big car is his. They chose a young man for the job. He gave an interesting talk. Predicative: After a verb and not in a NP She is tired. The soup tastes too salty. His talk was interesting.

Attributive-Only Adjectives Ø • • Adj. of degree an absolute hero a total disaster • • Ø • • Quantifying Adj. the only way an occasional cloud Ø • • Adj. of time and location a future appointment her left arm • Associative of adj. a criminal attorney a public official Adj. Compounds grayish-blue big-name street-smart best-selling glass-bottom

Predicative-Only Adjectives Adj. beginning with the prefix –A Ø Adjectives • • The young girl was asleep. Ø • The firefighter discovered a man who was still alive. • • *an alive man • that take complements She is eager to help other people. Adj. referring to medical conditions My mother is ill. *They took the ill woman to the hospital. a mentally ill patient

Adjective phrases Adj The customers were [angry]. Adv Adj He was [extremely] [upset]. Adj PP [upset] [about the poor service]. He was [extremely] [upset] [about the poor service].

Adjective Phrases Adj. + about angry, annoyed, pleased, delighted, glad, upset Kyle is still upset about his test results. He was annoyed at my carelessness. Adjective +at adept, angry, great, talented, terrible The author was amazed at the reaction of the press. My husband is really terrible at sports.

Adjective Phrases Adj. + for Bad, difficult, easy, good, necessary, responsible We are very sorry for the inconvenience Everybody knows that overeating is not good for you. Adj. + with Bored, busy, fed up, obsessed, impatient I am familiar with that term. Jenny is completely obsessed with food.

Time to play a game A group activity to practice adjective phrases 1. Each person takes one card of a sentence. 2. S/he reads the sentence aloud. 3. S/he tells whether the sentence is grammatical or not. 4. If the sentence is ungrammatical, correct it with an appropriate preposition. * We are amazed with his reaction to our suggestion. we are amazed at his reaction to our suggestion.

Adverbs Definition: a word that supplies information about how, where, when, why, and to what extent some action occurs. Describes an action, an adjective or another adverb. Majority of the adverbs are formed by adding -ly to Quickly an adjective. Accurately Example: Dangerous dangerously Some adverbs have the same form of an adjective. Example: Fast Hard Late Low

Quick song about adverbs http: //snarkygrammarguide. blogspot. com/2010/09/go od-stuff-adverbs-from-electric. html

Find the Adverb Read this paragraph and find the adverbs: Today I helped my mom cook dinner. We carefully cut the vegetables and slowly placed them into a boiling pot of water. Next, mom quickly browned the chicken and patiently let it cook through. She works fast. I eagerly waited for my next job, which was to gently sprinkle spices into the soup. But, I accidentally poured in too much cumin. I quietly told my mom my mistake, and she sweetly told me, as a child, she had coincidently made the same mistake. Now I realize cooking is not as hard as I thought.

Types of Adverbs Manner adverbs: Describe how the action expressed by the verb is carried out. Degree adverbs: how much or the degree to which the verbal action is carried out. Example: Gas prices have gone up enormously. Duration adverbs: Describe how long the action goes on for. Example: The boy walked slowly across the school. Example: My best friend moved away permanently. Frequency adverbs: How often does the action occur? Example: I show up to work a little late sometimes.

Types of Adverbs (continued) Time adverbs: When did the action occur? Instrumental Adverbs: Answer the question of By what means was this done? Example: It has been mathematically proven to be correct. Place adverbs: Answer the question of Where did the action occur? Example: I was hungry earlier, so I ate. Example: Please step outside if you need to take a call. Additive adverbs: Show that something additional was done. Example: The boy also ate the candy.

Types of Adverbs (continued) Restrictive adverbs: Restrict meaning of an action or proposition. Act-related adverbs: Provide background or motive for the action expressed by the verb. Example: She willfully helped the old lady cross the street. Stance adverbs: A category of act-related adverbs that express the speaker or writer’s attitude as well as hedges. Example: You can only sign up for this class. Example: She wisely proved her point. / I vaguely remember that. Connective adverbs: Link sentences to other sentences.

Type Definition Example Manner How action is expressed. The boy walked slowly across the school. Degree How much or degree Duration how long the action goes My best friend moved away on permanently. Frequency How often action occurs I show up to work a little late sometimes. Time When did the action occur? I was hungry earlier, so I ate. Gas prices have gone up enormously. Instrumental By what means was this done? It has been mathematically proven to be correct. Place Where did the action occur? Please step outside to take the call. Additive Something additional was done The boy also ate the candy. Restrictive Restrict meaning of an action You can only sign up for this class. Act-Related Provide background or motive She willfully helped the old lady cross the street.

Practice types of adverbs Work on worksheet #3 individually. Only do the top part named “Types of adverbs” You have 5 minutes to complete these 6 exercises.

Placement of adverbs Position varies depending on what constituent the adverb modifies. Modifying adjectives and adverbs Rule: Precede the adjective or adverb Stacking is permitted, but limited to two words. Example: It was a really warm day. / It was a really incredibly warm day. Modifying verbs Can occur in several positions in a sentence but never between a verb and its object. Sentence initial: before a main verb (Most common) Middle: between main verb and following element such as a PP Sentence final: right before the period

Things to remember Stance adverbs are sometimes not accepted in final position. Degree adverbs can be in sentence-final position but there are exceptions. She will leave definitely. She will definitely leave. She enjoyed the party tremendously. (degree) She caught up nearly. (degree) Nearly and almost are some examples of this exception. Manner adverbs modifying verbs can become degree adverbs modifying adjectives. She played so unbelievable. It was an unbelievably awkward moment.

Things to remember (continued) Few types are accepted in initial position. Earlier he told me a story. (time) Sometimes he brings me flowers. (frequency) Always she speaks English. (frequency) Exception to the rule: Always is ungrammatical when in initial position unless used in imperative sentence. Always remember to do your homework. Negative frequency adverbs such as: never, scarcely, ever, hardly ever, seldom, rarely Appearing in initial position, the subject-aux inversion must be applied. Never I have seen anything as beautiful as the sky today. Never have I seen anything as beautiful as the sky today.

Clauses Adverbs can modify clauses. Example from page 255: Comment about entire sentence: adjunct Easy to spot as they have commas after them He answered the question foolishly. (manner adverb) Foolishly, he answered the question. (evaluation) Example: There is, in fact, no basis to his comment. Complements: adverbs modifying that or infinitive clauses Position cause alteration to meaning of sentence The city council voted to immediately approve the sales tax increase. The city council immediately voted to approve the sales tax increase.

Practice time Tell me whether these sentences are grammatical or not. If they are not, then help me fix them. 1. Seldom I have seen a performance as good as that one. 2. Always he has to take out the trash. He always has to take out the trash. 3. He takes sometimes the bus. I have seldom seen a performance as god as that one. He takes the bus sometimes. Now finish worksheet #3 on your own.

Time to play Adverbial Charades! Here are the rules I will divide the class into 2 teams One person per team will act out the action and its adverb from the card. Actor cannot speak or make any sounds. Both teams will try to guess. When one team guesses correctly, they will get one point and have another person from their team act out another card. Team with most points is the winner. This is a fun way to learn adverbs and their functions!