ADJECTIVES ADVERBS Yeptheres more to it Positive Adjectives

ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS Yep…there’s more to it

Positive Adjectives • 2 -1 -2 adjectives: -us, -a, -um • Altus, -a, -um • Longus, -a, -um • Third declension: -is, -e • Fortis, forte • Turpis, turpe

Comparative Adjectives • “Adjectiver” or “more adjective. ” • One degree higher/stronger than a positive. • E. G. Taller, faster

1 st and 2 nd Declension (M & F) • Step I: Remove the –us • Step II: Add –ior • Example: altus, -a, -um • Answer: altior (“taller” or “more tall”)

1 st and 2 nd Declension (N) • Step I: Remove the –um • Step II: add –ius • Example: altus, -a, -um • Answer: altius (“taller” or “more tall”)

Declining Comparatives • Decline like 3 rd declension • Easily recognizable because of ior before endings

Case M/F S. M/F Pl. N. S. N. Pl. Nom latiores latius latiora Gen latioris latiorum Dat latioribus latiori Acc latiorem latiores Able latiore latius latioribus latiore latioribus latiora latioribus

For 3 rd Declension • Always use the genitive form of your positive as the stem for your endings… • Once you have the stem, add your “-ior” for masculine/feminine or “-ius” for neuter. • Examples: • Fortis, fortis would be fortior (braver) • Acer, acris, acre would be acrior (sharper)

The next level- Superlatives • One degree higher/stronger than comparatives. • “Adjectivest” • “Very adjective” • “Most adjective” • “Rather adjective”

Forming Superlatives • Step I: take the –us off the masculine • Step II: add –issimus to form the masculine • Step II: add –issima to form the feminine • Step II: add –issimum to form the neuter • All superlatives use normal 1 st/2 nd declension endings.

• Bella Practicing • Tardior • Bellior • Tardissimus • Bellissima • Tardius • Clarior • Ferus • Clarius • Ferissimus • Clarus • Ferior • Clarissimum • Cara • Irata • Carior • Iratissimus • Carissima • Iratior • Bonus

Exception 1 - Adjectives ending in -r • Base your comparative off the feminine • Double the “R” in the superlative • Examples: • Pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum would be pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimus

Exception 2 - Adjectives ending in -ilis • Double the “L” in the superlative. • Examples: • Gracilis, gracile would be gracilior, gracillimus • Similis, simile would be similior, simillimus

The Weirdos Positive Comparative Superlative Bonus, -a, -um (good) Melior, melius (better) Optimus, -a, -um (best) Malus, -a, -um (bad) Peior, peius (worse) Pessimus, -a, -um (worst) Magnus, -a, -um (great; big) Maior, maius (greater; bigger) Maximus, -a, -um (greatest; biggest) Parvus, -a, -um (small) Minor, minus (smaller) Minimus, -a, -um (smallest) Multus, -a, -um (many) Plus (more) Plurimus, -a, -um (most)

Example sentences 1 • Haec puella misera est, sed ille puer miserior est. • Ille vir stulissimus est, quod regi credit.

Example Sentences 2 • Hic cibus dulcissimus est. • Miles gladium acrissimum habet. • Gladius validus est, sed stylus validior est.

Quam • Quam can be used with comparatives to mean “than. ” • Julia altior quam Sextus est.

Quam • When this happens, the two words that are compared will be the same case (frequently the nominative). • Miles validior quam senator erat. • Venus bellior quam Minerva est.

End Day 1 • Practice time!

Adverbs • Words that modify verbs • Tend to end in “-ly” in English • Many of the “little transition words” are adverbs. • Dum, igitur, ergo, mox, statim • As are words with a single part of their dictionary entry. • Facile, frustra

Forming Adverbs from Adjectives • 1 st and 2 nd declension (like latus): • Remove the –us and replace with –e • Example: latus becomes late (widely) • -is adjectives (like fortis): • Remove the –is and replace with –iter • Example: fortis becomes fortiter (bravely)

Examples • Laetus -> laete • Verus -> vere • Malus -> male • Stultus -> stulte • Acer -> acriter • Dulcis -> dulciter • Superbus -> superbe • Tardus -> tarde

Comparative Adverbs • Follow the exact same rules as you did for a 1 st or 2 nd declension neuter comparative • Example: latus will become latius (more widely) • So how can you tell if you have a neuter comparative adjective or a regular comparative adverb? • CONTEXT CLUES!

Superlative Adverbs • Follow the same rules as you did for superlative adjectives, but these will end in “-e” instead of –us • Example: latus becomes latissime (most widely; very widely)

Quam…again • Quam can be used with a superlative to mean “as X as possible. ” • Quam celerrime = as quickly as possible

Adverb Examples 1 • Is ferocius quam milites pugnavit • Adulescentes celeriter currunt. • Ea acerrime dixit.

Adverb Examples 2 • Pueri quam lentissime ambulabant. • Deinde dux irrate dixit. • Hostes magnopere vulnerati sunt.

The Weirdos Positive Comparative Superlative Bene- well Melius- better Optime- best, very well Male- badly Peius- worse Magnopere- greatly Magis- more Pessime- worst, very badly Maxime- most, very greatly Paulum- little Minus- less Multum- much Plus- more Minime- least, very little Plurimum- most, very much

Mixed Examples- Adj and Adv • Urbem fortiter muniam. • Sine dubio Romulus melior quam Remus est. • Hercules maximus heros erat.

Mixed Examples- Adj and Adv • Is Latine pessime dixit. • Eratne Nero optimus imperator Romae? • Gaius orationem meliorem quam Marcus dedit.

Please fill out adjective charts for… • Facilis, facile • Fessus, -a, -um • Laetus, -a, -um • Liber, libera, liberum Positive Comparative Superlative

Please fill out adjective charts for… Positive Comparative Superlative Facilis, facile Facilior, facilius Facillimus, -a, -um Fessus, -a, um Fessior, Fessius Fessissimus, a, -um Laetus, -a, um Liber, libera, liberum Laetior, laetius Laetissimus, a, -um Liberior, liberius Liberrimus, -a, -um

Lastly… • Now fill out an adverb chart • Facilis, facile • Fessus, -a, -um • Laetus, -a, -um • Liber, libera, liberum Positive Comparative Superlative

Lastly… Positive Faciliter Fesse Laete Liberiter Comparative Facilius Fessius Laetius Liberius Superlative Facillime Fessissime Laetissime Liberrime