Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns Unit 13

What are adjectives? Words that describe: people: animals: places: things: Jane likes kind men. I have a cute cat. Los Angeles is crowded. Our grammar book is useful.

What are adjective clauses? They are groups of words that describe nouns. I have a niece who is a nurse. noun adjective clause

Who, which, that, whose are the subject of adjective clauses, but they are not complete sentences. who passed away recently which has 100 pages that lives in Africa whose ideas are crazy

l who / that people The person who sits next to me talks a lot. The person that sits next to me talks a lot. l which / that places and things Rome is a city which has many ruins. Rome is a city that has many ruins. l whose + noun people’s possessions I met the man whose car was stolen.

Note: 1. That is less formal than who and which. 2. singular, plural, masculine or feminine Who Which That Whose The boy whose parents just left is crying. These are the men who fixed my house. This is the lady who left you a message.

A sentence with an adjective clause is a combination of two sentences. I have a friend. + He likes snakes. I have a friend who likes snakes. main clause adjective clause The man is sad. + His dog died. The man whose dog died is sad. main adjective clause

What do adjective clauses do? They describe or give additional information about nouns or indefinite pronouns (one, somebody, something, another, others). Mary has a dog which follows her everywhere. l noun adjective clause David, who is an ESL teacher, works at Mt. SAC. noun adjective clause I need to talk to someone who can fix my car. noun adjective clause

Noun + Adjective Clauses l Adjective clauses come after the nouns they describe. Tony has a dog who is an animal lover. (incorrect) Tony, who is an animal lover, has a dog.

Adjective clauses have a subject and a verb. People who are lazy drive me crazy. subject verb Peter shop in stores that have good sales. subject verb

Adjective clauses are connected to main clause a. after I have a friend who is a boxer. main clause adjective clause b. middle The students who passed the quiz had studied. main adjective clause

Verb Agreement l The verb in the adjective clause agrees with the noun it describes. I have a student who singular is from Cuba. singular I have ten students who are from China. plural

There are two kinds of adjective clauses. 1. Nonrestrictive 2. Restrictive Use commas. Do not use commas. Tom, who is a single father, has a son. People who are married live longer.

1. Nonrestrictive (commas) add extra information about proper nouns, unique nouns or a definite noun that has already been identified.

Proper noun: Boston, which is in Massachusetts, has many colleges. Unique noun: My husband, who is in shape, plays soccer. Definite noun: Ann’s furniture was damaged by the flood. The furniture, which is worth a lot of money, can’t be repaired.

Use one comma or two commas to separate it from the main clause. I sat next to Bob, who is in my math class. main clause nonrestrictive adjective clause Hawaii, which is an island, has great beaches. main nonrestrictive clause

Note: Do not used that in nonrestrictive adjective clauses (with commas). Peter, that was a couch potato, retired last year. incorrect Peter, who was a couch potato, retired last year. correct Mt. SAC, that is near Pomona, is a college. incorrect Mt. SAC, which is near Pomona, is a college.

2. Restrictive Adjective Clause: l Do not use commas to separate it from the main clause because the information is needed to identify the noun it describes. I know a cashier who works at Ralph's. main clause restrictive adjective clause He bought a desk which was on sale. main clause restrictive clause

Restrictive adjective clauses are used in definitions. A locksmith is a person who makes keys and repairs locks. A penguin is a bird which lives in the Antarctic.

One difference of nonrestrictive and restrictive adjective clauses: My sister, who just got married, moved to Texas. (I have only one sister. ) My sister who just got married moved to Texas. (I have more than one sister. )

Why do I need to use adjective clauses? l You can use adjective clauses to combine sentences that refer to the same noun. l Adjective clauses help avoid repetition and help the information flow more smoothly.

Adjective Clauses at the End of a Sentence 1. The hula hoop is a toy that became popular in the 1960’s 2. New Hampshire is a small state which is in the northeastern part of the United States. 3. Swahili is a language which comes from East Africa. 4. Bolivia is a South American country that doesn’t have a coastline. 5. Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist who painted La Mona Lisa. 6. Jane and Tony have a daughter whose name is Kathy. 7. I read Gone with the Wind, which was an interesting book.

Adjective Clauses in the Middle of a Sentence 1. San Francisco, which is in the northwest of California, is a beautiful city. 2. The food that was cooked by Jason was spicy. 3. Mr. Wilson, whose job is a lot of fun, is a dance teacher. 4. The movie that made us cry was extremely sad. 5. Swahili, which is a language, is spoken in East Africa. 6. The Andersons, whose house is in Walnut, live alone. 7. Picasso, who painted La Mona Lisa, is a famous artist.

Adjective Clauses With Object Relative Pronouns Unit 14

Relative pronouns as objects of the verb whom whose which that

whom, who, that for people That lady is friendly. Tom likes her. object whom Tom likes That lady who Tom likes is friendly. that Tom likes Ǿ Tom likes Whom who that Ǿ most formal -------------------- informal

which, that for things, places and animals The books are expensive. I have to buy them. object which I have to buy The books that I have to buy are expensive. Ǿ I have to buy which that Ǿ most formal ------------------- less informal

Whose people’s possessions The man is unhappy. Bob dates his daughter. The man whose daughter Bob dates is unhappy. Mark plays in our soccer team. His nose is broken. Mark, whose nose is broken, plays in our soccer team.

Relative pronouns as objects of prepositions whom who which that

whom, who, that for people Jane likes the manager. She works for him. preposition for whom she works for. Jane likes the manager who she works for. that she works for. Ǿ she works for. object

which, that for things, places and animals The picture is beautiful. Tony is looking at it. preposition object at which Tony is looking is beautiful. The picture which Tony is looking at is beautiful. that Tony is looking at is beautiful. Ǿ Tony is looking at is beautiful. at which that Ǿ most formal -------------------- informal

Note: Object relative pronouns are often omitted in every day spoken English if commas are not needed. I remember the boy (whom) I helped last year. The park (which) Joe likes is on Grand Ave. But they cannot be omitted if commas are needed. I remember Mr. Wilson, whom I helped last years. Sherman Park, which Joe likes, is on Grand Ave.

Where locations I like the church. + I pray there every Sunday. I like the church where I pray every Sunday. Now, you do it. The bookstore is having a sale this week. + I always buy my books there. Bank of America is open late on Fridays. + Alan cashes his checks at that bank.

Where locations Where replaces which, that, Ǿ and the preposition in or at. in which my father lives in The building that my father lives in is old. Ǿ my father lives in The building where my father lives is old.

When time The meeting is on Monday. + All the employees work that day. The meeting is on Monday, when all the employees work. They remembered the summer. + They met then. They remembered the summer when they met.

When time When replaces that or Ǿ. The day that Jane got married was very special. The day Ǿ Jane got married was very special. The day when Jane got married was very special. Was there a time in your life when you felt blue? The Monday, when I was absent, I didn’t get paid.

Find and correct 9 mistakes (1) I read an article the other day which interested me a great deal. (2) It reported on a survey that some sociologists conducted recently in the Midwest, where the attitudes of most women are consider conservative. (3) They examined the attitudes that American women have about men, and they identified some of the things women consider to be important characteristics in a good husband or boyfriend. (4) The study determined that women seem to prefer men who can express their feelings. (5) Most women prefer husbands to whom they can talk easily, and with whom they can share their problems. (6) There were also several other things which women consider important in a partner. (7) A man’s character or personality is more important to many women than the type of job he has, or the amount of money he makes. (8) Not surprisingly, most women want a husband who will take on an equal share of housekeeping and child-raising duties. (9) But the reality is this: women want husbands who they can trust and depend on. (10) Unfortunately, more than 70 percent of the women who answered the questionnaire said they had husbands who do not meet these basic requirements in some way.

How many adjective clauses are there? (1) I read an article the other day which interested me a great deal. (2) It reported on a survey that some sociologists conducted recently in the Midwest, where the attitudes of most women are consider conservative. (3) They examined the attitudes that American women have about men, and they identified some of the things women consider to be important characteristics in a good husband or boyfriend. (4) The study determined that women seem to prefer men who can express their feelings. (5) Most women prefer husbands to whom they can talk easily, and with whom they can share their problems. (6) There were also several other things which women consider important in a partner. (7) A man’s character or personality is more important to many women than the type of job he has, or the amount of money he makes. (8) Not surprisingly, most women want a husband who will take on an equal share of housekeeping and child-raising duties. (9) But the reality is this: women want husbands who they can trust and depend on. (10) Unfortunately, more than 70 percent of the women who answered the questionnaire said they had husbands who do not meet these basic requirements in some way.