Ad Hoc Structure Advantage Disadvantage Pyramid Structure Advantage

• Ad Hoc Structure: Advantage & Disadvantage • Pyramid Structure: Advantage & Disadvantage • Circular Structure: Advantage & Disadvantage • Page 381 -383

• List the names of the different Cabinets?

• List and explain the THREE ways a president can say “NO” 1. Veto 2. Executive Privilege 3. Impoundment of Funds

• What is judicial review, and since 1789 how many federal laws have been judged unconstitutional? (438) • Explain the difference between a strictconstructionist approach and an activist approach used by judges when interpreting the Constitution. (439)

• FIRST HISTORICAL ERA OF THE SUPREME COURT 1. NATIONAL SUPREMACY & SLAVERY • Supreme Court Case 1: Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) • What was Mc. Culloch v. Maryland about? (pages 55 -56) • What was the Supreme Court’s decision in Mc. Culloch v. Maryland ? (page 441) • Did the decision support national supremacy or state’s rights and why? • Supreme Court case 2: Dred Scott v. Sanford, (1857) • What was this case about? (page 442) • What was the Court’s decision? (442) • Did the decision promote National Supremacy or States Rights and Why? (442)

• Structure of the Federal Courts (446) – What is a constitutional court? – What are the two most important of the constitutional courts & Define them – What is a legislative court?