Acute Radiation Syndrome Department of Pharmacy Practice Chalapathi
- Slides: 17
Acute Radiation Syndrome Department of Pharmacy Practice Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur
Radiation Exposure • Everyone is exposed to Radiation – Radon – Medical tests – Cosmic rays
Whole Body Exposure • Certain means of being exposed to whole body irradiation – Nuclear accidents – Nuclear fallout – Atomic bombs – Uranium mines – Cancer treatments
Acute Radiation Syndrome • Three syndromes – Cerebrovascular Syndrome – Gastrointestinal Syndrome – Hemopoietic Syndrome
From Section. IV: Acute effects of Whole Body Irradiation Lessons from Chernobyl http: //www. uic. edu/com/uhrd/manual/section 4. html
Phases of Syndromes • Three phases to these Acute Radiation Syndromes – Prodomal Phase – Latent Phase – Manifest Illness
Gastrointestinal Syndrome • • Exposure of 7 -50 Gy ‘reproductive death’ Can last from 3 days to 3 weeks Indicator of this syndrome is reduced amount of circulating lymphocytes
From Section. IV: Acute effects of Whole Body Irradiation Lessons from Chernobyl http: //www. uic. edu/com/uhrd/manual/section 4. html
Prodomal Phase • Begins immediately • Exposure over 10 Gy – Upset stomach (anorexia, nausea and diarrhea) – Vomiting for 5 -8 hours after exposure – On the second day after exposure general improvement of condition
• Exposure between 7 and 10 Gy – Nausea and vomiting – Diarrhea – Decreased blood pressure – Increased pulse – Dry mouth with a metallic taste
Latent Phase • Usually after 3 to 5 days • Asymptomatic • Time between cell damage and expression
Manifest Illness • Exposure of more that 10 Gy – Dehydration and diarrhea – Depletion of cells in small intestine (crypt stem cells) – Stomach, colon and rectum cells soon depleted – Denudation of mucousa – Bacterial infections because lacking granulocytes
• Exposure between 7 -10 Gy – Same symptoms as greater than 10 Gy exposure – Depending on site of exposure stem cells not always depleted completely
Treatments and Support • Patients helped with supply of fluids and control of infections • No reported cases of survival with exposure over 10 Gy • Death within 4 -10 days without support • Exposure of less than 10 Gy not always fatal if properly supported
• Treatment of exposure less than 10 Gy – Fluid replacement – Antibiotics – Sterile environment – Granylocyte transfusion (in some cases)
Animal models • In exposure less that 10 Gy with “germfree” environment – Animal models survived two to four times the LD 50 – Mortality was reduced to zero in these conditions
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