Activity 7 Nervous System Histology Brain Cranial Nerves
Activity 7: Nervous System Histology, Brain, & Cranial Nerves Chapters 14 & 15 – Mc. Kinley et al. , Human Anatomy, 4 e. Objectives: • Histology: Identify structures indicated on three different slides or images of nervous system tissue. Some of these are also visible on the classroom model of a neuron. • Human brain: Identify listed structures of the human brain on classroom models, the cranial meninges, and structures involved in cerebrospinal fluid circulation. • Human brain: Identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number on a model and on the sheep brain. • Dissect a sheep brain and identify structures listed. Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei & Cristin Fail 1
Nervous System Tissues: Spinal Cord Smear (Histology) 2
Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Illustration) 3
Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology) 4
Nervous System Tissues: Cross Section of a Nerve (Histology) 5
Nervous System Tissues: Teased Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Histology) 6
Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Model 7
Nervous System Tissues: Multipolar Neuron Illustration 8
Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain 9
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 10
Brain Anatomy – Adult Human Brain 11
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 12
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 13
Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum 14
Brain Anatomy – Cerebrum • Cerebral hemispheres are divided by the longitudinal fissure into left and right sides • Central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from parietal lobes 15
Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain 16
Brain Anatomy – White Matter of Cerebrum 17
Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Hemispheres 18
Brain Anatomy – Hemispheric Lateralization 19
Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain 20
Brain Anatomy – Lobes of the Brain & their Functions Frontal Lobe • Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) • Voluntary motor functions • Concentration • Verbal communication • Decision making • Planning • Personality Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe • Primary Somatosensory Visual Cortex (Postcentral • Processing Gyrus) visual • Sensory functions information (Pain, heat and • Storing other sensations) visual • Comprehension memories of language Temporal Lobe Brain Stem • Understanding Speech • Interpretation and storage of auditory and olfactory sensations • Breathing • Swallowing • Heart rate Includes Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum • Coordination • Balance • Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns 21
Brain Anatomy – Primary Somatosensory Cortex The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is proportional to how richly innervated that region is. 22
Brain Anatomy – Homunculus Model Which model is more realistic? 23
Brain Anatomy – Cross-section Brain Model 1. 2. Corpus Callosum Corpora Quadrigemina (Tectal Plate) • Superior Colliculus (pl. colliculi) • Inferior Colliculus 3. Cerebellum (Arbor Vitae) 4. 4 th Ventricle 5. Central canal of spinal cord 6. Medulla Oblongata 7. Pons 8. Pituitary gland 9. Optic Chiasm 10. Hypothalamus 11. Thalamus 12. Septum Pellucidum 13. Fornix 14. Pineal Gland 24
Brain Anatomy – Corpus Callosum • Carries messages between the left and right hemispheres • Its under surface forms the roof of the body of the lateral ventricle. 25
Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon • Sits on top of the brain stem • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres • Made of three parts • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus 26
Brain Anatomy - Diencephalon 27
Brain Anatomy – Epithalamus & Pineal Gland • Pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone Melatonin. • Melatonin helps regulate day-night cycles known as the body’s Circadian Rhythm. 28
Brain Anatomy – Thalamus & the Interthalamic Adhesion • The Interthalamic Adhesion is located midsagitally and connects the left and right thalamic bodies 29
Brain Anatomy – Hypothalamus Includes: • Optic Chiasm • Mammillary Body • Optic Tracts • Infundibulum • 3 rd Ventricle • Pituitary Gland 30
Brain Anatomy – Functions of Hypothalamus • Master control of the autonomic nervous system • Heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities and respiration • Master control of the endocrine system • Metabolism, growth, stress responses and reproduction • Regulation of body temperature • Body’s “thermostat”, detects altered blood temperatures, heat or cool the body: shivering/sweating • Control of emotional behavior • Emotional responses: pleasure, aggression, fear, rage, contentment and sex drive • Control of food intake • Monitors levels of glucose and amino acids in the blood and produces sensations of hunger • Control of water intake • Monitors blood solute concentration • Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms • The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus directs the Pineal gland to secrete melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms. 31
Brain Anatomy – Brain Stem Includes: • Midbrain (mesencephalon) • Pons • Medulla Oblongata 32
Brain Anatomy – Overview of Brain Stem Functions 33
Brain Anatomy – Midbrain Includes: • Corpora Quadrigemina (tectal plate) • Superior Colliculus: Visual reflex center (turns eyes and head in response to visual stimulus) • Inferior Colliculus: Auditory reflex center (turns eyes and head in the direction of a sound) • Cerebral Peduncles 34
Brain Anatomy – Pons Functions: • Bridge between the cerebellum and cerebrum • Houses cranial nerves • Trigeminal (CN V) • Abducens (CN VI) • Facial (CN VII) • Some of the nuclei for Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) • Helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing 35
Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata Functions: • Regulates heart rate and strength of contraction • Controls blood pressure • Regulates respiratory rate • Involved in coughing, sneezing, salivating, swallowing, gagging and vomiting 36
Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons 37
Brain Anatomy – Medulla Oblongata & Pons 38
Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum Functions: • Processes sensory input • Coordinates movement output • Balance Includes: • Vermis • Separates right and left hemispheres • Arbor Vitae (“tree of life”) 39
Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum 40
Brain Anatomy – Cerebellum 41
Brain Anatomy – Meninges and Spaces 42
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Dural Septa 43
Brain Anatomy – Dural Venous Sinuses 44
Brain Anatomy – Ventricles 45
Brain Anatomy – Ventricles 46
Brain Anatomy – Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid 47
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves 1. Olfactory nerve (I) 2. Optic nerve (II) 3. Oculomotor nerve (III) 4. Trochlear nerve (IV) 5. Trigeminal nerve (V) 6. Abducens nerve (VI) 7. Facial nerve (VII) 8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) 9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) 10. Vagus Nerve (X) 11. Accessory Nerve (XI) 12. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) 48
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves 49
Brain Anatomy – Cranial Nerves Sensory, Motor or Both 1. Some 2. Say 3. Marry 4. Money 5. But 6. My 7. Brother 8. Says 9. Big 10. Brains 11. Matter 12. Most 50
Brain Anatomy – Origins of Cranial Nerves 51
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 52
Brain Anatomy – Sheep Brain 53
Brain Anatomy – Trigeminal Nerve 54
Brain Anatomy – Facial Nerve 55
Brain Anatomy – Vestibulocochlear Nerve 56
Brain Anatomy – Glossopharyngeal Nerve 57
Brain Anatomy – Vagus Nerve 58
Brain Anatomy – Accessory & Hypoglossal Nerve 59
Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei Includes: • Caudate Nucleus • Lentiform Nucleus • Putamen • Globus Pallidus • Claustrum • Amygdaloid body 60
Brain Anatomy – Cerebral Nuclei 61
Brain Anatomy – Functions of Cerebral Nuclei • Caudate • Spatial processing • Posture and directed movements • Putamen • Controls muscular movements at the subconscious level • Globus Pallidus • Excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control muscle tone • Amygdaloid body • Expression of emotions , control of behavioral activities, development of moods • Claustrum • Processes visual information at a subconscious level 62
Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain B. A. G. F. C. E. D. http: //williamcalvin. com/Brain. For. All. Seasons/img/bonobo. LH-human. LH-via. TWD. gif 63
Brain Anatomy – Lobes & Structures of the Brain A. Central Sulcus B. Frontal Lobe C. Lateral Fissure A. (groove) G. B. D. Temporal Lobe F. E. Transverse Fissure F. Occipital Lobe C. (groove) G. Parietal Lobe E. D. (groove) 64 http: //williamcalvin. com/Brain. For. All. Seasons/img/bonobo. LH-human. LH-via. TWD. gif
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