Active Shooter Awareness Presented by Safety Counselling Inc

Active Shooter Awareness Presented by: Safety Counselling, Inc. 3207 Matthew Ave NE Albuquerque, NM 87107 505 -881 -1112 / 800 -640 -0724 www. safetycounselling. com 1

Topics of Discussion • • • What is an Active Shooter Types of Active Shooters Historical examples How to prepare What to do when faced with Law Enforcement response Dispatch’s role EMS response Techniques to reduce an escalating encounters and tips to avoid them • PTSD, CISD, and the EAP 2

Part One: The Basics About Active Shooters 3

Active Shooter Definition Ø Active Shooter executes a random or systematic shooting spree Ø The objective is mass murder rather than other criminal intent Ø Difficult time for many people in these tough times 4

The Active Shooter’s Intent Ø Views the attack as attempting to correct a perceived wrong Ø Usually has a “hit” list and will search victims out Ø The Shooter often takes out targets of opportunity on the way 5

An Active Shooter Expects To Die • Not concerned with dying so has nothing to lose • Moves throughout a building or area until either – stopped by police – commits suicide • self • suicide by cop – stopped by others 6

Types of Active Shooters 1. This type of WPV can impact any industry or business 2. Increased media coverage on a long term problem 3. Examples of Active Shooters have included 1. angry customer 2. patient’s family member 3. mentally unstable individual 4. disgruntled employee 5. domestic violence spill over 6. shooting(s) in the course of a robbery, especially a robbery gone bad but this is not our emphasis 7

Lt. Dan Marcou’s 5 Phases of the Active Shooter • • • Fantasy stage Planning stage Preparation stage Approach stage Implementation 8

Hunters versus Howlers • Howlers make overt threats, draw attention, frighten others intentionally • Hunters develop a hidden plan, acquire the tools to harm others, work in stealth, and attack with little or no warning • Organizations are often responsive to a howler and either unaware or overly-rationalizing for a hunter • Calhoun and Weston’s theory “Howlers don’t hunt and Hunters don’t howl. When Howlers start to hunt, they are no longer Howlers. ” 9

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Charles Whitman commits Texas Tower Massacre in 1966 Ø Initially killed mother and wife Ø Killed 15 people / wounded 31 around tower Ø Passersby armed themselves to intervene Ø Killed by 2 police officers Ø Autopsy showed brain tumor and he knew something was wrong 11

James Hubberty commits Calif. Mc. Donald’s Massacre July 1984 • 41 yr. old laid off 1 week before murders • Killed 21 & wounded 19 • Multiple weapons from a 9 mm semi-auto uzi • Killed by Sniper from SWAT • Said he had killed 1, 000 s in Viet Nam but never served San Ysidr o Californ ia Mc. Donal d’s Resta urant July 18, 1 984 James H uberty 21 - pers ons kille d 12

Alb. Hollywood Videos Murders • Shane Harrison aged 28 and accomplice Esther Beckley • Occurred March ’ 96 • Armed robbery and kidnapping • Killed 5, 2 after being abducted (3 were employees) 13

Larry Phillips/Emil Matasareanu N. Hollywood Bank Robbery 2/27/97 • Failed robbery that changed what law enforcement standardly packs for heat • Wounded 13: 9 PD & 4 bystanders • Both suspects killed by SWAT after 44 minute shoot out on the street • Shooters had body armour • Armed with AK-47 s 14

Columbine High School, Littleton Co. on April 20, 1999 • 2 shooters: Harris and Klebold • Vendetta: 2 angry teenagers killed as many students as possible after being bullied for years • Killed 13 & Wounded 21 • Suspects committed suicide • Used guns, rifles, bombs • Changed the way law enforcement responds 15

Ronald Taylor: Wilkinsburg, Pa. 2000 • Hate Crime: All victims were white • March 1, 2000 • Ist killed carpenter who repaired door, then onto Mc. Donalds & then Burger King • 3 killed, 3 wounded • Surrendered 16

Cho Seung-Hui commits Virginia Tech Massacre on 4 -16 -2007 Ø History of mental illness Ø Posted pictures before & mailed info. to NBC during Ø 32 Dead, 23 Wounded Ø Weapons: Glock 19, Walther P 22 Ø Committed suicide at scene Ø Rationale: v savior oppressed & rejected v Romantic dispute? v Teased about speech disorder 17

Von Maur Department Store, Dec. 2007 • Robert Hawkins - 19 • Omaha, Ne. • Takes others out to be famous at his death after being fired • 9 killed, 5 injured • Death by suicide after murders 18

3 Murdered in City Hall Council Meeting in Kirkwood, Mo. Feb. 2008 • Charles Lee "Cookie“ (52) Thornton had disrupted/arrested at 2 other council meetings • Killed 6: 2 police officers, public works director & 2 council members, the mayor (intended victim) died later as result of injuries • Wounded 1 reporter & shot at city attorney • Suicide by cop • 30 citizens were at the meeting 19

Denny’s Robbery Takeover Albuquerque 6 -21 -2009 • Pablo Ortiz (32 top ) Marvin Lopez (22, middle) Francisco Melgar (bottom) , • Restaurant robbery on Sat. 6/09 @ 9: 30 AM breakfast-rush • Teenage female employee was killed • Automatic Weapons w • Intervention: 2 arrested initially & other 2 apprehended 20

Binghamton, N. Y. : American Civic Assoc. by Jiverly Wong at 10: 30 AM on Aug. ’ 09 • 13 or victims killed & 4 wounded • Victims from China, Haiti, Pakistan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Iraq, Brazil, US • Used 2 automatic pistols and wore body armor • Shooter pinned his vehicle against back door to block escape • Suspect shouted that he hated America 21

A. S. Major Nidal Malik Hasan: Fort Hood Texas on Nov. 2009 • Palistinian born 39 -year-old of American military parents • U. S. Army psychiatrist • Description by fellow workers: “paranoid, belligerent” • Terrorist? or upset at scheduled be deployed to Afghanistan? • Killed 13, Wounded 30 • Arrested and imprisoned until trial in March 2012 22

Amy Bishop Anderson at University of Alabama, Huntsville on February 2010 • A. S. : Amy Bishop (Harvard trained Professor was academic star) Ø Involved in 3 previous police investigations: ü Acquitted of brother’s murder üPipe bomb üShoving another customer Ø Police arrested her on the scene Ø Vendetta: Denied tenure Ø 3 killed, 3 wounded 23

Police Headquarters in Municipal Bldg. April 2010 • 29 -year-old Patrick Gray Sharp was only casualty. No others injured. • Mc. Kinney, Texas • Drove truck loaded with ammo and bomb-making materials into the parking lot, set truck on fire • Fired off more than 100 rounds at police • Suicide by cop 24

A. S. Robert Reza: Emcore Murders in Albuquerque on July 2010 at 10 AM Ø Vendetta: üchild custody battle üTold nephew device implanted in his head by co. Ø Shot 25 bullets reloading once Ø 2 killed & 4 wounded Ø Police arrived from Alb. along with surrounding sherrifs/PDs Ø Shooter committed suicide on site 25

University Library Violence 2010 • Gunman opens fire in library in Austin Texas, Sept. 2010 • No one injured • Shot and killed himself onsite 26

Jerad Loughner shoots Congress Woman Gabriel Giffords on Jan. 2011 • A. S. : Jerad Loughner • Safeway, Phoenix, Ariz. at Town Hall Meeting • Vendetta: Gifford is Jewish and he may have been a member of an antisemetic group: Am. Ren • 6 killed & 19 wounded • Loughner was overcome by crowd and arrested • Bystander nearly shot one of good samaritans who overcame him 27

A. S. Cesar Dominguez-Garcia at UNM Hospital on Feb. 2011 Ø Albuququerque, N. M. Ø Vendetta: Girlfriend’s child was admitted to hospital. üSuspect arrived, became angry and began striking girlfriend. üFamily intervened, üsuspect brandished gun and fired one round Ø Police arrested 28

Senior Center Shooting in Suisan City, California July 2011 • 55 -year-old Bernardo Ararao • Rode bike to Center, dressed in camouflage • Showed woman at the center gun & said he was "going on assignment" • 911 called & repeatedly ordered to drop his gun • He refused/shot by police 29

Construction Site Killing 2010 • Centreville, Alabama October 2010 • Firing over stolen copper • Vendetta: Accusing electrician was continuing work on the site when fired employee shot and killed him 30

Construction Site Killing 2011 • Miami • Two employees showing off their weapons on a break at one worker’s truck. • Gun accidentally went off killing other worker during exchange. 31

There All Types of Scenarios • Often happened in the AM • Most usually is the result of a robbery but that is not our focus in this class • Stay alert to surroundings and situations all the time • Be mentally prepared for different violent scenarios – armed individuals/bombs – chemical, radiation, and biological threats – verbal or written threats 32

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When You Call 911 Dispatch • The phone may not ring right away. • Most important piece of information • Call back number • Dispatch does not go to the scene. 34

Information That Dispatch Gets When You Call 911 Ø Landline üName üAddress üLocation address Ø Wireless üPhone number üCell phone carrier üLocation of caller Ø City Hall/ PBX lines 35

Dispatch’s Role • Job is to preserve life and facilitate safety • Multiple callers • Each caller is a new witness • May disconnect you due to call volume • Will ask you the big 6: (Where/What/When/ Who/How/Why) 36

Dispatcher Will Ask: Where Ø Location within a location üOffice number, room, building Ø Hazards for those present and for responders üSounds (gun shots/explosions) üScreams üInjured üOther dangers in/around location Ø Safest approach 37

Dispatcher Will Ask: What and When Ø What is occurring? Ø Are you hearing it or seeing it? ü First hand knowledge ü Just hearing chaos Ø Is it just starting, in progress or over Ø Information may save lives/minimize causalities ü What you ADD is helpful ü Avoid repeating 38

Dispatcher Will Ask: Who, How, & Why Ø Who is involved? üNumber of suspects üStill present üKnow or recognize the AS Ø Describe what they look like ü Physical features üClothing body armor Ø Weapons / explosives Ø Why is this happening? 39

A. S. Status vs Victim Status Ø Dispatch will ask about the shooter before asking for information regarding those injured ü How many are injured? üTypes of injuries? Ø Dispatch can provide steps for treatment 40

Until Law Enforcement Arrives • If you cannot speak to 911 dispatcher, just leave the line open for the dispatcher to listen in. • They are trained to do this 41

EMCORE 911 Tape 42

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Law Enforcement Intelligence From Dispatch On The Way To Site Ø Suspect(s) üActions üLocation üDescription üWeapons Ø Victim injuries and location Ø Designate site representative to give officers intelligence 44

Arrival of Law Enforcement • Average response time for police to high priority calls in your area • Safest place to stay is inside secure room • The shooter will probably not flee when police arrive • The shooters goal is to kill and injure, not negotiate or flee 45

Law Enforcement’s Modus Operandi Ø Most likely by a variety of officers üIdentified in some way generally. üCould be officer already on site Ø AS response is different ü 5 qualified officers enter immediately as a group üArmed with a variety of weapons üWon’t be aiding victims Ø Designate a site representative 46

When Victims See Police Pass Through ØIf you are locked in a secure room, stay there ØPolice will be shouting commands üEveryone is a suspect üMay force people to ground üListen and follow instructions ØDo not approach, stop or speak to or hold onto officer(s) ØAvoid screaming or yelling ØPoint in direction of shooter 47

When You See Police (cont. ) ØHands üImmediately raise hands üKeep your hands visible üDrop anything in your hands ØDo not move injured victims ØOfficers attempting to apprehend the shooter will not stop to help injured victims 48

Part 5: 49

Delayed Medical Entry with Active Shooter Scenes Ø Fire/EMS personnel will respond when dispatched Ø Entry by medics will be delayed until police are in control of area and shooter is disarmed Ø Be prepared to do trauma care until they enter 50

Victim Status Cards Ø Okay Ø Minor Injuries Ø Life threatening Injuries Ø Extra or Missing Victim 51

Triage of Victims Ø Sorting ü Who is most in need & savable Ø Coach injured to self-help ü Administer to them ü Have them administer to others when injury is minor Ø Get assistance from others who can help ü Show helpers how ü Be a coach 52

Protect Yourself Ø Have a basic plan Ø Don’t attempt to render first aid if unsafe to do so ü Don’t show yourself to shooter ü Survey the scene ü Know where the first aid kit, AED and extinguishers are Ø Blood borne pathogens ü Potentially infectious materials ü Take universal precautions ü Wear PPE ü Clean-up procedures 53

Victim Treatment Ø Minor Injuries: minimal treatment or self help with instruction Ø Life threatening Injuries ü Most serious injury dealt with first ü Examples: severe bleeding, not breathing, broken limbs, heart attack, seizure, asthma attack, shock Ø Dead or not-savable injuries 54

Stop Bleeding ØCapillary bleeds only ooze ØVenous ü Flows steadily ü Thick dressing / pressure ØArterial ü Squirts under pressure ü Thick dressing / elevate / pressure ØHave helper perform once under control if there are other victims 55

Tourniquet only if Bleeding To Death Ø Controversial & only as last resort as potentially dangerous Ø For arterial bleeding & extremities Ø Use a belt, strap, or other 1” wide material 2” above Ø Tighten until bleeding stops Ø Never loosen Ø Note time applied Ø Save amputation 56

Victim Is Not Breathing Ø CPR = CAB ü 15 Compressions Ø Airway: open ü 2 Breaths Ø Continue 15 -2 Ø Not recommended in multi victim scene unless multiple trained first aiders 57

Broken Limbs • Splint in position presented • Use padding • If it is the forearm then support hand • If it is the thigh or hip do not move them • Do not draw attention to a mistake – correct it 58

Spinal Cord Injuries • Do not move unless life threatening situation • Maintain alignment of head and spine when moving • Support head and neck • Secure them to a board 59

First Aid for Other Conditions Ø Psychogenic Shock ü Fainting ü Panic attack ü Vomiting Ø Altered and difficult to control ü Byproduct of shock ü Due to anxiety Ø Others brought on by stress of event ü Heart Attack ü Seizure ü Asthma ü Diabetic Attack 60

Seasoned EMT Don’ts • Don’t – panic or put yourself in danger – spend too much time on a non-savable victim – attempt to plug a bullethole (use direct pressure) – overly worry about infection (use what you can to stop bleeding) 61

Moving A Victim Ø When to move victim üIn the path of a shooter üOther hazards Ø How to move victim üWalk them, be a human crutch, drag, scoot, carry them Ø Spinal injuries Ø Only if safe to do so 62

Update Your Training • CPR/AED • First Aid • Conflict Resolution • Stress Management 63

Part 6: Choices You Have When You are A Victim at an Active shooter Scene 64

Plan For Survival Ø Escape route plan ü Locations of exits ü Possible pathways to exit ü Meeting place Ø Perform drills as part of training. Ø Emergency lighting Ø Fire extinguishers 65

Timing in Active Shooter Situations • Evolve quickly • Shooters are unpredictable • Law Enforcement has historically been required to stop them • Arrival of police and EMS on the scene is not immediate • Be prepared mentally and physically to deal with the situation until help arrives 66

What Will Require Your Attention Ø Alerting others üOthers in and around area üAuthorities üBe able to describe perp. Ø The victims üProviding first aid üMoving to safety Ø How you face the shooter(s) üAssess üDetermine the odds 67

Try To Focus and Be Methodical Ø Try Not To Freak Out Ø How To Calm Down üDeep breaths üHow would your hero handle it? Ø Staying Calm Helps üThink more clearly üVictims remain calm üThe situation requires a leader Ø Prioritize üAllocate tasks üNeed more than just you? 68

Communications To Get Help • Call 911 for outside help – if you can safely do so – leave line open if cannot talk • Alert others onsite with: intercom, phone, page, or the code 69

Not In Line of Fire: Hide vs. Escape Ø Be quiet and remain calm. ü Silence your cell phone ü Take several deep breaths and review what to do Ø Make the decision to hide or escape Ø Then assess if you can help others while hiding or escaping 70

If Hiding Makes Sense Ø Keep yourself safe üMove to secure area üLock door/barricade it üHide • behind large furniture • in a large wall vent • in the bathroom Ø Turn off sources of noise Ø Close the blinds Ø EMS will tell you not to intervene Ø Question someone asking for entry 71

If Escape is Feasible Ø Shooter will not stop until objectives are met or is engaged by police Ø Is escape best option? üWhere is the shooter? üMultiple shooters? üCan you get out immediately undetected? üAdvise police of shooter or plain clothes police 72

If Escaping Ø Evacuate area using designated exit path – Hug the wall – Check around corners first – Whether or not others agree to follow – Leave all your belongings – Only jump out a 1 st or 2 nd floor window Ø Help others escape Ø Alert others you come across 73

Helping Others Ø You are part of a team Ø Assist others in need Ø Help others escape with you Ø Escape yourself even if they are too afraid to try 74

If You Are In The Line Of Fire Ø You have two choices if shooter is at close range: fight or comply Ø We do not know how you will or should respond Ø How you respond will be based on: ü The actual situation and what is possible, ü How many of you/they there are ü Your personality/background ü Victim camaraderie ü Feelings of moral responsibility Ø It is your choice but keep in mind it will take time for police to arrive, assemble, and enter Ø Your life is on the line 75

When Your Decision is to Comply ØDo what the shooter says ØKeep your hands where they can be seen ØNo sudden movements to draw attention or alarm AS ØAvoid eye contact unless you are being addressed ØBe quiet and remember your life may depend on being calm 76

Things to Consider Before Fighting Back Ø Chance of survival may be greater if you incapacitate the shooter but consider: Ø How many shooters are there? Ø How many of you will commit to an attack? Ø What objects do you have available to disable the person? Ø Do any of you have military training or experience handling firearms? Ø Does the group have a plan? Ø Are your odds good? 77

When Your Decision is to Fight ØNever attempt to wrestle a gun away from someone pointing it at you ØThe closer you are to the shooter the better the chances of overcoming them s ØChance of survival is greater when you q are behind or out of vision of shooter q incapacitate the shooter q improvise a weapon ü throw heavy, blunt or sharp object ü hit shooter with something heavy ü use cart to shove them down or door open ü jump on them ü stab them with letter opener, scissors, or exacto 78

When Your Decision Is To Mass Attack 1. Use the code if you know victims or try to preplan during 2. Opportunity may be obvious to incapacitate and overcome AS 3. Go for the gun if you are not in the line of fire 4. Try to knock them down & then 1. Try to get on them 2. Go for hands, eyes, personals 5. You must COMMIT 100% 79

Do Not Enter A. S. Scene Viewed/Heard From A Distance ØNot always completely aware of situation ØNeed to be absolutely sure who the shooter is ØIn the Gabby Gifford shooting, a guy mistook a hero for the shooter 80

The “Hostage Corridor” Phase Ø You will be detained Ø Wait for instructions ü Call 1 family member ü Do not talk with the media. Ø Able witnesses are moved üInterviews üPost event debriefing. Ø This phase will take hours ü Do not interrupt proceedings unless medically necessary ü Drink water/eat something 81

Part 7: How To Deal With Volatile Situations Before They Become Violent Situations 82

Get Help with Coworker Escalating Behavior That is Getting Worse • Approach if comfortable/offer help • Report it if repetitive and talking doesn’t help • Get guidance from pros • Avoid discussing with other coworkers, family or friends • File a police report • Call 911 for immediate threat • Don’t let escalating behavior go unchecked 83

The De-Escalation Process • • • Let them vent Encourage talking & listening Repeat back Break problems down Be very clear about – what is going to happen – timelines • • Give them choices Focus on issue/refocus when necessary Use comfort/delay tactics as they deescalate Follow up 84

Don’ts For The De-escalation Process • Don’t bargain with threatening individual if their behavior is not threatening. • Don’t make false promises. • Don’t downplay seriousness of situation • Keep it simple • Don’t take sides or agree with distortions 85

Verbal Communication to Deescalate Anger • Speak slowly but confidently • Keep your voice down, especially if they are raising theirs • Communicate respect • Keep it simple • Repeat back for clarity • Do not interrupt 86

Body Language That Helps Deescalate an Angry Individual • Maintain your space • Don’t put up barriers but don’t isolate yourself • Project calmness • Show concern and empathy • Don’t appear challenging • Keep you hands in sight • Avoid sudden movements 87

Avoid Altercations • Do not take sides • Do not get involved in workplace altercations • Do not try to break up arguments or fights or you may get in trouble yourself • Notify your supervisor immediately 88

Do Not Condone Bullying at Work • As a supervisor – Review policy – Only 1 warning • As the victim – Be assertive and refuse to be a victim – Label it – Tell them to stop – Keep a factual journal – Report it 89

Dealing With Angry Customers • Imminent danger then push panic button or call 911 • If comfortable doing so ask them to lower their voice and listen to them vent – empathize • Explain the process • Get them to the right person • Report issues to supervisor • Always follow up 90

Ways To Cope with your Emotions Long Term Before YOU Become Violent • Acknowledge the problem • Take time to gain perspective • Get help – HR/EAP – See a counselor – Talk to a spiritual advisor 91

If You Feel Like You Are About to Become Violent Right Now • Take a deep breath – Think about consequences – Imagine looking back • Is there an expedient solution? • Talk to your supervisor, HR, or EAP immediately • Go to the ER 92

Part 7 93

Signs of Post Traumatic Stress Ø Sleeplessness/nightmares Ø Anti-social behavior üWithdrawal üParanoia üEmotional outbursts Ø Nervous behavior üDistracted üLoss of concentration üPacing and restlessness Ø Loss of interest in hobbies Ø Substance abuse 94

Get Help Early On • If you suspect PTSD or emotional distress; notify management. • Assistance will be provided to help the employee deal with issues. 95

Company EAPs • Free, confidential counseling program assists employees with anything they perceive to be a problem • Brief solutions counseling • If you require additional services, counselors will help you access your mental health benefits, community resources, self-help groups or other services ee Employ e c Assistan Program 96

When There Is a Problem The EAP Is a Good Place To Start • Workplace issues • Feeling stressed to the point where you might harm yourself or others • PTSD & CISD • Drug and alcohol abuse • • • Anxiety & depression Family challenges Conflict resolution Grief and loss Relationship issues Other concerns 97

How An EAP Works • For employees and immediate family in household • Benefit may be prepaid by your company – Your company pays set amount monthly to EAP – The company does not receive bill with employee’s name on it • EAP services are confidential • Information may only be released with your written permission • In a crisis or an emergency, counselors are available by phone 24 / 7 • In imminent danger always call 911 first 98

Would You Be Prepared If It Happened To You? • Have you thought about it? • Discuss it • No single definitive strategy will ever be appropriate • This class includes possible options but only you know how you will respond and your response will be based on many factors 99

Your Employer Wants to Protect You • Look to the future with coworker conflicts • Be proactive with customers • Use information in this class to protect yourself, coworkers and work environment 100

The Goal Of This Course Is To Keep Employees Alive The End 101

Ex LA/NY Policeman’s New Book • Tool to improve performance • Advantages: resiliency, profitability, safety • About power of people connected online and using electronic tools to collaborate to solve problems 102

City of Rio Rancho’s EAP • The Solutions Group • To access your EAP call 505 -2543555 for R. R. & Alb. • Call 1 -866 -2543555 if out of town 103