ACT OF HOPE O my God relying on

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas

Section 1: A Changing World

Middle Ages Middles Ages – about 5001500 A. D. � Fall of Western Roman Empire – 476 A. D. � � Feudalism – small kingdoms and city-states remained � Crusades – 1095 -1291 A. D. � Brought Western Europe into contact with Middle East � Europeans sought to “avoid middleman” and trade directly with Asia

Polo’s Travels � Marco � 1296 Polo returned from China A. D. , wrote account of his trip – widely read

Trading Centers � Cities – Venice, Genoa, Pisa � Arab merchants charged high prices � Europeans wanted a better route

Renaissance � 1300 s-1600 s – period of artistic and intellectual creativity � “Rebirth” of classical Greek and Roman learning � Paved the way for new exploration

Renaissance � Italians improved their knowledge of people and of the world � Study of classical (ancient Greek and Roman) works � Translations � More experimental approach to science � Inspired by ancient architecture, art

Rise of Nation-states � 1400 s, western increases European population � Foreign trade emphasized � Feudalism begins to end, strong monarchs take power (more centralization) � Nation-state – combined cultural identity (nation) with political centralization (state)

Technological Advances � Technology – use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes � 1453 – printing press � Improved maps – included direction of ocean currents, lines of latitude

Technological Advances � Astrolabe – instrument that measured the position of the stars � Caravel – three-masted ship that sailed faster and farther, also carrying more cargo and food supplies

African Trading Kingdoms � 400 -1600 A. D. � Natural resources: gold, copper, iron ore, ivory � Large kingdoms on west coast of Africa � Smaller kingdoms on east coast

Ghana � 400 -1100 A. D. � Between salt mines of Sahara and southern gold mines � Sent gold, ivory, and slaves to North Africa � Received salt, cloth, and brass � Taxed trade 1076 A. D. , fought Almoravids, began to decline – why? � New trade routes and mines opened up during the fighting �

Mali � New state, included former kingdom of Ghana by late 1200 s � Greatest king – Mansa Musa (1312 -1337) � 1324 made pilgrimage (journey to a holy place) to Mecca � Returned to Mali and built mosques in the capital of Timbuktu

Songhai � Lived along Niger River � Captured Timbuktu in 1468 A. D. � Brought to height of power by Askiya Muhammad in late 1400 s � Laws introduced based on Quran � Division of empire into five provinces � Standardized weights and measures � Defeated by Kingdom of Morocco in late 1500 s

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 1 Assessment 1) Write sentences in which you use the following groups of terms: classical and Renaissance; technology, astrolabe and caravel; pilgrimage and mosque. - Answers vary. 2) Name three technological advances that furthered European colonization. - Answers may include: mapmakers refined their methods and created more accurate maps; the astrolabe and magnetic compass improved navigation; the stern rudder, triangular sail, and three-masted caravel allowed ships to travel farther. 3) How did the Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa? - Through trade between African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North Africa What is the name of the holy book of Islam? - The Quran

Section 1 Assessment 4) Why do you think the Renaissance began in Italy and not in another part of Europe? - Answers should refer to Italy’s prosperity, which enabled citizens to pursue an interest in the region’s past. 5) Re-create the diagram below and compare three African kingdoms. In the outer spaces, describe each kingdom. In the shared space, identify similarities between them. - Similarities include vast trading, Islamic religion, and powerful kingdoms. Contrasts include Songhai: largest empire ever in West Africa; Ghana: earliest African kingdom; Mali: center of Islamic art and learning. 6) Review the map of the African trading kingdoms on page 41. Which of the trading kingdoms was established earliest? - Ghana In which region of Africa did the three trading kingdoms develop? - West Africa

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 2: Early Exploration

Pre-Columbian Maps � Did not include Americas � Treated Western (Atlantic) and Eastern (Pacific) Oceans as running together to form the “Ocean Sea”

Portugal � Located on Iberian peninsula, Portugal took the lead in exploring – why? � Lacked a Mediterranean port and other European countries were in the way of traditional trade routes Portugal wanted two things: � 1) more direct routes to China and India � 2) route to West Africa and its gold �

Henricus Martellus World Map (1491)

Henry the Navigator � Prince of Portugal � Set up a center for exploration � The Portuguese came to set up trading posts for trade on West African coast, trading: 1) Gold � 2) Ivory � 3) Slaves �

Bartholomeu Dias � 1487 – King John II of Portugal sent Bartholomeu Dias to explore southernmost part of Africa � Dias was in a terrible storm and called the tip “Cape of Storms” � King John II renamed it the “Cape of Good Hope” – he hoped going that way would lead to a new route to India

Vasco da Gama � 1497 – Vasco da Gama expanded on Dias’ trip, visiting East African coast and reaching India in 1498 � Portugal built a small empire based on trade to India

Pedro Alvares Cabral � 1500 – Cabral followed Da Gama’s route and touched Brazil, claiming it for Portugal

Christopher Columbus � Common misconception – Columbus set out to prove earth round � MOST people already knew that the earth was round by Columbus’ time � People still get taught this myth: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Fgq. W_ hgpu. EI � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o_W 28 0 R_Jt 8

Four Voyages � 1 st Voyage – Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria, carrying 90 sailors, sailed to Canary Islands and then to San Salvador and the rest of the Caribbean Islands � He thought he had reached the East Indies, so they came to be called the West Indies � That’s why Native Americans sometimes called “Indians” are

Later Voyages � 1493, 1498, 1502 � Explored Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Cuba, and Jamaica

Vikings � Before Columbus, in the 800 s and 900 s, Vikings visited Iceland Greenland � Remains of a Viking settlement found in Newfoundland � � Discoveries were not well known https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=kcb. Cu 8 G 80 p. Q

Line of Demarcation � 1493: Pope Alexander VI drew a line of demarcation dividing Portuguese and Spanish possessions � Portugal � 1494: objected Treaty of Tordesillas, moved the line further west

Tordesillas (1494) and Saragossa (1529)

Amerigo Vespucci � Why is America called “America” instead of “Columbia”? � Columbus didn’t realize a new continent was discovered, but the explorer and mapmaker Vespucci did

Vasco Nunez de Balboa � Governor of a Spanish town in Panama who led a group to the Pacific Ocean in 1513 � Balboa claimed it and all adjoining lands for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan � Portuguese sailor hired by Spain to lead 5 ships to head west through or around South America to Asia � Sailed around South America, strait called the Strait of Magellan � Magellan killed by natives in the Philippines, but his men (on only one of the original ships) made it all the way back to Spain, circumnavigating the globe � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. FTg. Zo. Gn. St. E

Voyage

Columbus and the New World � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z 7 oe 8 TD_Vn 0

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 2 Assessment 1) Write a short paragraph in which you use the following terms: line of demarcation, strait, circumnavigate. - Student work should reflect correct use of terms. 2) Who were the first Europeans to reach the Americas and when did they arrive? - The first Europeans included: the Vikings (c. 1000); Christopher Columbus (1492); and Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513). 3) What nations signed the Treaty of Tordesillas? - Spain and Portugal. What was the purpose of the line of demarcation? - It determined control of lands by Spain and Portugal. How did the treaty affect European exploration of the Americas? - Spain controlled all lands west of the line; Portugal controlled all lands east of the line.

Section 2 Assessment 4) For years, many history books have claimed that “Columbus discovered America. ” Why do you think Native Americans might disagree with the choice of the word “discovered” in this statement? - Native Americans lived in the Americas before Columbus arrived. What might be a better word choice? - Answers will vary, but possible word choices may include: claimed, encountered, came upon, or reached. 5) Re-create the diagram below and identify the regions Columbus explored. - Caribbean islands of Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, and the coasts of Central America and northern South America. 6) Review the map of European voyages of exploration on page 48; then answer the questions that follow. When did Verrazano make his voyage? - 1524 For what country did he sail? - France How did Cabot’s route to the Americas differ from that of Columbus? - He traveled farther north than Columbus.

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 3: Spain in America

Maya, Aztec, and Inca – Intergalactic � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=YBm 3 Vn. M 2 m. Iw

THE CONQUISTADORS

Conquistadors � Conquistador – conquerors/explorer from Spain � Set out to the New World for the 3 Gs: 1) Glory 2) God 3) Gold

Hernan Cortes � 1519 – Cortes led expedition to Mexico � Brought 500 men, horses, and cannons � Cortes went to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan � Aztecs had been demanding tribute (payment) from many conquered provinces

Aztec Defeat � 1520 – Aztecs rebelled and kicked out the Spanish, but Montezuma died � 1521 – Cortes returned with Spanish reinforcements and Native American allies � The Aztec empire fell apart

Francisco Pizarro � Pizarro sailed down Pacific coast of S. America w/ 180 soldiers � 1532, Pizarro captured Incan ruler Atahualpa (whom they later executed) and destroyed Incan army

Why Did Spain Win? 1) Guns, cannons, and animals (horses and dogs) 2) Native Americans assisted Spanish in overthrowing their rulers Disease – no immunity to European diseases, e. g. smallpox 3)

Ponce de Leon � 1513 – first to arrive on N. American mainland � Legend that he was looking for gold & fountain of youth � 1565 – Spanish established first permanent settlement of St. Augustine in Florida

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca � Part of 1528 Spanish expedition to FL (led by Panfilo de Narvaez) � 2 of 5 boats survived, ran aground in Texas � De Vaca and slave, Estevanico, became medicine men to survive � Told about seven cities of emerald & gold he saw

Hernando de Soto � Explored Florida and the west � 1541 – crossed Mississippi River � Died of fever

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado � Looking for legendary Seven Cities of Cibola � Traveled through Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas

Pueblos, Missions, and Presidios � Pueblos – towns, established centers of trade � Missions – religious communities (town, farmland, church) � Presidios – fort (near a mission)

Class System � Upper class – peninsulares – born in Spain � Creoles – born in Americas to Spanish parents � Mestizos – people with Spanish and Native American parents � Native Americans – most in great poverty � African slaves

Encomienda � Encomienda – right to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans living on land � Native Americans effectively made slaves � Many died – malnutrition & disease

Bartolome de Las Casas � Spanish priest, condemned cruel treatment of Native Americans, wanted laws to protect them � Spanish government passed New Laws – no Native American slaves

Plantation System � Plantation – large estate � Las Casas suggested using Africans as slaves � Mid-1500 s, Spanish and Portuguese both brought thousands of West African slaves to American plantations

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 3 Assessment 1) Write three true and three false statements using each of the following terms once: conquistador, tribute, pueblo, mission, presidio, plantation. - Student work should reflect correct use of terms. 2) What three kinds of settlements did Spain establish in the Americas? - Pueblos, missions, and presidios How did they differ? - Pueblos were towns and centers for trade; missions were small religious communities; and a presidio was a fort built near a mission. 3) What groups made up the class system in Spanish America? - Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Native Americans, enslaved Africans

Section 3 Assessment 4) One conquistador explained, “We came to serve God and the king, and also to get rich. ” In what way do you think conquistadors planned to serve “God and the king”? - By converting people to Christianity and claiming land riches for the king. 5) Re-create the diagram below and list causes of Spain’s success in conquering Native American empires. - Answers may include: awe of the Spanish, weapons held by the Spanish, the native peoples’ dislike of their Aztec overlords, and no immunity to European diseases. 6) Review the map of Spanish exploration on page 52. What expedition traveled from Florida to the Mississippi River? - De Soto. Through what regions did the Coronado expedition travel? - Northern Mexico and present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 4: Exploring North America

Protestant Reformation � 1517 – German priest and monk, Martin Luther, protested against indulgences in the 95 Theses � Indulgence – partial or full forgiveness of the temporal punishment due to sin that has already been forgiven � Luther developed an extensive theological opposition to Catholic theology – 5 solas � Sola Fide – faith alone � Sola Scriptura – scripture alone � Sola Gratia – grace alone � Solus Christus – Christ alone � Soli Dei Gloria – glory to God alone

Protestantism � Martin � John Luther – Lutheran Church Calvin Churches � King – Calvinist/Reformed Henry VIII – Church/Church of England Anglican

Lutheranism � The Holy Roman Empire was broken up into different German states � A number of the German princes converted to Lutheranism – gave them power over the churches in Germany � Consubstantiation instead of transubstantiation � Only 2 sacraments: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper � 1530 – Augsburg Confession – summary of Lutheran beliefs, later contained in the Book of Concord

Calvinism � John Calvin – French reformer � 1536 – wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion � Emphasized predestination � Denied Real Presence � Affirmed perseverance of the saints (true Christians cannot lose salvation)

King Henry VIII � King of England � Opposed Martin Luther and Reformation, called “Defender of the Faith” by the pope � Brother Arthur died, he received papal dispensation (special permission) to marry widow – his sister-in-law, Catherine of Aragon � No male heirs � Fell in love with Catherine’s servant, Anne Boleyn � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Gis CRx. REDk. Y

Annulment? No. � King Henry asked the Pope to give him an annulment for his marriage to Catherine, Pope refused � Henry had the British Parliament declare him Supreme Head of the Church of England (1534 Act of Supremacy)

Henry’s Wives and Children

King Edward VI (Protestant) � Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour (3 rd wife) � Reigned 1547 -1553 � Abolished priestly celibacy and the Mass � Established Book of Common Prayer � Forty-two Articles (later replaced by Thirtynine Articles in 1571)

Queen Mary (Catholic) � Lady Jane Grey was queen for 9 days before she was arrested and later executed by supporters of Mary � Mary – daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon (1 st wife) � Reigned 1553 -1558 � Later known as “Bloody Mary” for burning Protestant dissenters at the stake � Attempted to reestablish Catholicism as state religion � Married King Philip II of Spain

Queen Elizabeth (Protestant) � Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (2 nd wife) � Reigned 1558 -1603 � Tried to address Protestant concerns without offending Catholics � Supported raiders of Spanish ships, like Sir Francis Drake, triggering the attempted Spanish invasion of England in 1588

Sir Thomas More � Lord Chancellor of the English government � Executed by King Henry VIII for refusing to take the oath of the supremacy of Henry over the English Church � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Gdr 3 u Gn. US 8 � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=DX 0_F Gu 8 v 9 A

Religious Rivalries in Europe � Europe was split between Catholics and Protestants

Mercantilism � Economic theory holding that a nation’s power was based on its wealth � Nations would establish colonies for three purposes: �Acquire gold and silver �Acquire raw materials to be sent back to the mother country �Produce manufactured goods with raw materials and sell them to the inhabitants of the colonies

Columbian Exchange � Exchange of goods, ideas, and people between Europe and the Americas

Northwest Passage � Water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers � England, France, and the Netherlands ignored the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

John Cabot � 1497 – Italian looking for northern route to Asia � Landed on coast of Newfoundland

Giovanni da Verrazano � 1524 – Italian hired to look for northern sea route by France � Explored Atlantic coast – Nova-Scotia to Carolinas

Jacques Cartier � 1535 – French explorer � Sailed up St. Lawrence River, unable to reach Pacific Ocean � Founded Montreal

Henry Hudson � 1609 – English sailor hired by the Netherlands � Discovered Hudson River, sailed north to Albany � 1610 – discovered Hudson Bay � Unable to find outlet to Pacific Ocean – crew rebelled

Samuel de Champlain � France primarily interested in fishing and fur trade, not empire � 1608 – de Champlain established Quebec in Canada � Discovered Lake Champlain � French built more trading posts � Coureurs de bois “runners of the woods” – French fur trappers

New Netherlands � 1621 – Dutch West India Company set up trading colony of New Netherland � Center of colony – New Amsterdam � Manhattan Island bought for $20

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 4 Assessment Write a sentence in which you correctly use each of the following terms: mercantilism, Columbian Exchange, Northwest Passage, coureur de bois. - Student work should reflect correct use of terms. 2) What were English, French, and Dutch explorers searching for while charting the coast of North America? - A more direct water route to Asia. 3) How did French goals in the Americas differ from the goals of other European nations? - The French wanted to make profits rather than settle land.

Section 4 Assessment 4) How did the economic theory of mercantilism influence the exploration and settlement of North America by Europeans? - A nation’s power was based on its wealth, which was increased by acquiring gold and silver and developing trade. Overseas territories were seen as potential sources of wealth. 5) Re-create the diagram below and explain how the Columbian Exchange affected both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Columbian Exchange Effects on the Americas • Importance of wheat, grapes, and livestock • Introduction of diseases Establishment of slavery Effects on Europe • Introduction of new foods and provided a cheap labor supply 6) Review the map, French Explorers, 1535 -1682, on page 61. Which of the French explorers traveled farthest south? - La Salle. Along what river did Marquette and Joilet travel? - The Mississippi River.

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.