ACT OF HOPE O my God relying on

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Chapter 2: Exploring the Americas

Section 1: A Changing World

Middle Ages Middles Ages – about 5001500 A. D. � Fall of Western Roman Empire – 476 A. D. � � Feudalism – small kingdoms and city-states remained � Crusades – 1095 -1291 A. D. � Brought Western Europe into contact with Middle East � Europeans sought to “avoid middleman” and trade directly with Asia

Polo’s Travels � Marco � 1296 Polo returned from China A. D. , wrote account of his trip – widely read

Trading Centers � Cities – Venice, Genoa, Pisa � Arab merchants charged high prices � Europeans wanted a better route

Renaissance � 1300 s-1600 s – period of artistic and intellectual creativity � “Rebirth” of classical Greek and Roman learning � Paved the way for new exploration

Renaissance � Italians improved their knowledge of people and of the world � Study of classical (ancient Greek and Roman) works � Translations � More experimental approach to science � Inspired by architecture, art ancient

Dark Ages � The period prior to the Renaissance was, at the time of the Renaissance, regarded as the Dark Ages � Modern historians know better & refer to it as the Middle Ages

Rise of Nation-states � 1400 s, western increases European population � Foreign trade emphasized � Feudalism begins to end, strong monarchs take power (more centralization) � Nation-state – combined cultural identity (nation) with political centralization (state)

Technological Advances � Technology – use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes � 1453 – printing press � Improved maps – included direction of ocean currents, lines of latitude

Technological Advances � Astrolabe – instrument that measured the position of the stars � Caravel – three-masted ship that sailed faster and farther, also carrying more cargo and food supplies

African Trading Kingdoms � 400 -1600 A. D. � Natural resources: gold, copper, iron ore, ivory � Large kingdoms on west coast of Africa � Smaller kingdoms on east coast

Ghana � 400 -1100 A. D. � Between salt mines of Sahara and southern gold mines � Sent gold, ivory, and slaves to North Africa � Received salt, cloth, and brass � Taxed trade 1076 A. D. , fought Almoravids, began to decline – why? � New trade routes and mines opened up during the fighting �

Mali � New state, included former kingdom of Ghana by late 1200 s � Greatest king – Mansa Musa (1312 -1337) � 1324 made pilgrimage (journey to a holy place) to Mecca � Returned to Mali and built mosques in the capital of Timbuktu � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v =i. Af. Gi 1 d. I 6 Kk

Songhai � Lived along Niger River � Captured Timbuktu in 1468 A. D. � Brought to height of power by Askiya Muhammad in late 1400 s � Laws introduced based on Quran � Division of empire into five provinces � Standardized weights and measures � Defeated by Kingdom of Morocco in late 1500 s

Homework � p. 42, Chapter 2, Section 1 Assessment

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.

Section 1 Assessment 1) Write sentences in which you use the following groups of terms: classical and Renaissance; technology, astrolabe and caravel; pilgrimage and mosque. - Answers vary. 2) Name three technological advances that furthered European colonization. - Answers may include: mapmakers refined their methods and created more accurate maps; the astrolabe and magnetic compass improved navigation; the stern rudder, triangular sail, and three-masted caravel allowed ships to travel farther. 3) How did the Islamic religion spread to the early kingdoms of Africa? - Through trade between African kingdoms and Arab Muslims in North Africa What is the name of the holy book of Islam? - The Quran

Section 1 Assessment 4) Why do you think the Renaissance began in Italy and not in another part of Europe? - Answers should refer to Italy’s prosperity, which enabled citizens to pursue an interest in the region’s past. 5) Re-create the diagram below and compare three African kingdoms. In the outer spaces, describe each kingdom. In the shared space, identify similarities between them. - Similarities include vast trading, Islamic religion, and powerful kingdoms. Contrasts include Songhai: largest empire ever in West Africa; Ghana: earliest African kingdom; Mali: center of Islamic art and learning. 6) Review the map of the African trading kingdoms on page 41. Which of the trading kingdoms was established earliest? - Ghana In which region of Africa did the three trading kingdoms develop? - West Africa

Homework � Study

ACT OF HOPE O my God, relying on thy infinite goodness and promises, I hope to obtain pardon of my sins, the help of thy grace, and life everlasting, through the merits of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. Amen.