Act 672 Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management

Act 672 - Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007

Municipal Solid Waste MSW also known as domestic waste was generated within a community from several sources, individual consumer and or household. MSW originated from residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and municipal sources. MSW were highly heterogeneous and included durable things, non durable things, packaging and containers, food wastes, yard wastes and miscellaneous inorganic wastes.

Hazardous Waste Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), defined hazardous waste as any waste or combination of wastes which pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms because such waste were non-degradable or persistent in nature or because they could be biologically magnified, or because they could be lethal or because they might otherwise caused or tend to cause detrimental cumulative effects. might caused or contribute to an increased in mortality, serious illness and incapacitation or posed a substantial hazard to human health or the environment when improper treated, stored, transported or disposed of.

Solid wastes were classified as hazardous if they exhibited one or more of the following characteristics: Ignitability Corrosivity Reactivity Toxicity Examples of hazardous wastes include residues from solvent manufacture electroplating, metal treating, wood preserving and petroleum refining. main legislation in Malaysia, to control the discharge of wastes into the environment was Environmental Quality Act, 1974(Act 127).

Industrial Waste Industrial wastes were by-products from manufacturing and other processes. low toxicity and usually produced in large quantity. managed on-site at industrial facilities and usually not classified directly as either municipal waste or hazardous waste. If the waste classified as hazardous, so it should be treated as hazardous solid waste. Example of an industrial waste stream was coal combustion solids, including fly ash, bottom ash and flue gas desulfurization sludge.

Medical Waste Medical waste was generated during the administration of healthcare by medical facilities, home health care programs waste produced as a result of research by medical institutions. Specific classes of regulated medical waste included: culture and stocks of infectious agent, pathology wastes, waste human blood animal wastes ad isolation wastes.

Construction and Demolition Waste • Construction and demolition (C&D) waste material that produced during construction, renovation and demolition of structures • including residential and non-residential buildings • as well as roads and bridges. • Example of C&D waste were concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum wallboard an roofing.

Radioactive Waste specialized category of industrial wastes. e. g electricity-producing nuclear plants, nuclear waste reprocessing facilities and nuclear weapon facilities. also produced during a research and medical procedures. Radioactive wastes were unstable and contain atoms with nuclei that undergo radioactive decay. High level radioactive wastes were generated in nuclear plants by the fission of uranium nuclei in a controlled reaction.

Mining Waste Mine wastes included the soils or overburden rock generated during the physical removal of a desired resource from the surface, the tailings or soils that were produced during the processing of minerals such as smelting plant and heap waste which were produced when precious metals such as gold and silver are recovered from piles of low-grade waste rock or tailing by spraying acid or cyanide solutions. The wastes produce from mining activities would be return to the surrounding environments.

Agricultural Waste • Wastes that produced from agricultural activities were – animal manures, – crop residues, – pesticides containers and packaging. • Problems related to agricultural wastes were odour, pathogen content, salt concentration and ammonia production.

Waste management involved all stages of – – – – production of waste, handling, storage, transport, processing, treatment and ultimate disposal.

The hierarchy of waste management system should consider: • Prevention principle – waste production must be minimized and possibly avoided • Producer responsibility and polluter paid principle – the waste producer or who contaminated the environment should pay for their actions • Precautionary principle – potential problems should be anticipated • Proximity principle – waste should be disposed of as closely as possible to its origin produced.

There were a few options of waste management suitable after generation and before final disposal comprise (Harrison and Hester, 2002): Waste minimisation Collection and sorting Reuse Recycling Composting Anaerobic digestion Energy recovery (incineration or other more advanced thermal treatment techniques) Incineration (without energy recovery)

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE EAT 341 PPKAS 2014

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MSW • Important physical characteristics of MSW include specific weight, moisture content, particle size and size distribution, field capacity and compacted waste porosity

Specific weight • Specific weight is defined as the weight of a material per unit volume (e. g. lb/yd 3 , kg/m 3) • To assess the total mass and volume of waste that must be managed • Because the specific weights of solid wastes vary markedly with geographic location, season of the year, and length of time in storage, great care should be used in selecting typical values

Typical Specific Weight Values

Moisture content • moisture content of solid waste usually is expressed in one of two ways • In the wet-weight method of measurement. The moisture in a sample is expressed as a percentage of the wet weight of the material, in the dry-weight method, it is expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the material

• The wet-weight method is used most commonly in the field of solid waste management • In the equation form, the wet-weight moisture content is expressed as Moisture content (%) = (a-b) * 100 a where, a = initial mass of sample as delivered b = mass of sample after drying

Typical data on moisture content Component Moisture (%) Range Typical Food wastes 50 -80 70 Paper 4 -10 6 Cardboard 4 -8 5 Plastics 1 -4 2 Textile 6 -15 10 Rubber 1 -4 2 Leather 8 -12 10 Garden trimmings 30 -80 60 Wood 15 -40 20 Misc. organics 10 -60 25 Glass 1 -4 2 Tin cans 2 -4 3 Non ferrous metals 2 -4 2 Ferrous metals 2 -6 3 Dirt, ashes, brick 6 -12 8 MSW (noncomp. ) 15 -40 20

Example 1: estimate the moisture content of a solid waste sample with the following composition Components Percent by mass Food wastes 15 Paper 45 Cardboard 10 Plastics 10 Garden trimmings 10 Wood 5 Tin cans 5

Solution Component Percent by mass Food wastes 15 Paper 45 Cardboard 10 Plastics 10 Yard wastes 10 Wood 5 Tin cans 5 Total 100 Moisture content (%) Dry mass, (kg)

Solution Component Percent by mass Food wastes 15 Moisture content (%) 70 Dry mass, (kg) 4. 5 Paper 45 6 42. 3 Cardboard 10 5 9. 5 Plastics 10 2 9. 8 Garden trimmings 10 60 4. 0 Wood 5 20 4. 0 Tin cans 5 3 4. 9 79 Based on 100 kg waste

Determine the moisture content using the equation Therefore, moisture content = 100 – 79 x 100 = 21%

Particle Size and Size Distribution The size and size distribution of the component materials in solid waste are an important consideration in the recovery of materials, especially with the mechanical means such as trommel screens and magnetic separators

• The size of a waste component may be defined by one or more of the following measures Sc = l Sc = ( l+w) 2 Sc = ( l + w + h ) 3 Sc = (l x w)1/2 Sc = (l x w x h)1/3 • Where Sc = size of component, in (mm), l = length , in (mm), w = width , in (mm) , h = height , in (mm)

Field Capacity • The field capacity of solid waste is the total amount of moisture that can be retained in a waste sample subject to the downward pull of gravity • The field capacity of waste materials is of critical importance in determining the formation of leachate in landfills • Water in excess of the field capacity will be released as leachate

Chemical properties of MSW • Information on the chemical composition of the components that constitute MSW is important in evaluating alternative processing and recovery options • For example, the feasibility of combustion depends on the chemical composition of the solid waste

• Typically, wastes can be thought of as a combination of semi combustible and noncombustible materials • If solid wastes are to be used as fuel, the four most important properties to be known are – Proximate analysis – Fusing point of ash – Ultimate analysis – Energy content

Proximate analysis • Proximate analysis for the combustible components of MSW includes – Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 105 o. C for 1 h) – Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of weight on ignition at 950 o. C in a covered crucible – Fixed carbon ( combustible residue left after volatile matter is removed) – Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible)

Typical Proximate Analysis Values (% by weight)

Fusing point of Ash • The fusing point of ash is defined as that temperature at which ash resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by fusion and agglomeration • Typical fusing temperature for the formation of clinker from solid waste range from 2000 to 2200 o. F (1100 to 1200 o. C)

Ultimate analysis of solid waste components • The ultimate analysis of a waste component typically involves the determination of the percent of C, (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), S (sulfur), and ash • Because of the concern over the emission of chlorinated compounds during combustion, the determination of halogens is often included in an ultimate analysis

• The result of the ultimate analysis are used to characterized the chemical composition of the organic matter in MSW • They are also used to define the proper mix of materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios for biological conversion processes

Typical data on ultimate analysis of combustible materials found in SW

Chemical composition of typical MSW

Typical data in elemental analysis (% by weight)

Energy content of solid waste components • The energy content of organic components in MSW can be determined 1. by using a full scale boiler as calorimeter 2. by using a laboratory bomb calorimeter 3. By calculation, if elemental composition is known

Inert residue and energy content of residential MSW

Average composition and heating values for MSW • The average energy content of typical MSW is ~10, 000 k. J/kg

Energy content of MSW components

• The energy content values are on an as discarded basis • k. J / kg (dry – basis) = k. J / kg (as discarded) ( 100 ) 100 - %moisture

• The corresponding equation for the Btu per pound on a dry ash-free is k. J/kg (dry ash-free basis) = k. J / kg (as discarded) (100/100 - %moisture - %ash) Knowing the mass of the sample and the heat generated by the combustion, the k. J/kg is calculated (recognizing, that 1 k. J is the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 o. F)

• Refuse can be characterized as being made up of organic materials, inorganic materials and water • Usually the heat is expressed in terms of all three components, the k. J/kg, where the sample weight includes the inorganics and water • But sometimes the heat value is expressed as moisture free, and the water component is subtract from the denominator • heat value is to also subtract the inorganics, so the k. J is moisture and ash free, the ash being defined as the inorganics upon combustion

Example 2 • Estimate the energy content of solid waste with the composition as in example Component Percent by mass Energy (k. J) content (k. J/kg) Food wastes 15 4650 69750 Paper 45 16750 753 750 Cardboard 10 16300 163 000 Plastics 10 32600 326 000 Yard wastes 10 6500 65 000 Wood 5 18600 93 000 Tin cans 5 700 3 500 Total 1 474 000

• Compute the energy content *based on 100 kg of waste = 1 474 000 k. J / 100 = 14 740 k. J/kg Determine the energy content on a dry basis k. J/kg (dry basis) = 14740 x (100 / (100 -21) ) = 18658 k. J/kg

Biological Properties of MSW • The organic fraction of MSW (excluding plastics, rubber and leather) can be classified as: • Water-soluble constituents - sugars, starches, amino acids and various organic acids • Hemicellulose - a product of 5 and 6 -carbon sugars • Cellulose - a product of 6 -carbon sugar glucose • Fats, oils and waxes - esters of alcohols and long-chain fatty acids • Lignin - present in some paper products • Lignocellulose - combination of lignin and cellulose • Proteins - amino acid chains

Biodegradability of MSW • The most important biological characteristic of the organic fraction of MSW is that almost all the organic components can be converted biologically to gases and relatively inert organic and inorganic solids. • The production of odour and the generation of flies are also related to the putrescible nature of the organic materials. These will be discussed when talking about landfill processes.

• Volatile solids (VS), determined by ignition at 550 o. C, is often used as a measure of the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW. • Some of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability (e. g. Newsprint) due to lignin content. • The rate at which the various components can be degraded varies markedly. For practical purposes, the principal organic waste components in MSW are often classified as rapidly and slowly decomposable.

Biodegradable fraction of selected organic waste components

Biodegradable fraction of MSW

Production of odour • Odour are developed when solid wastes are stored for long periods of time on-site between collections, in transfer stations, and in landfills. • It is more significant in warm climates. • The formation of odour results from the anaerobic decomposition of the readily decomposable organic components found in MSW.

Physical Transformations • The principal physical transformations that may occur in the operation of solid waste management systems include: • component separation • mechanical volume reduction • mechanical size reduction • Physical transformations do not involve change in phase (e. g. , solid to gas), unlike chemical and biological transformation.

Chemical Transformations • Chemical transformations of solid waste typically involve a change of phase (e. g. , solid to liquid, solid to gas, etc. ) • To reduce the volume and/or to recover conversion products, the principal chemical processes used to transform MSW include:

Chemical Transformations • Combustion is defined as the chemical reaction of oxygen with organic materials, to produce oxidized compounds accompanied by the emission of light and rapid generation of heat • Pyrolysis is a process of splitting thermally unstable organic substances through a combination of thermal cracking and condensation reactions in an oxygenfree atmosphere, into gaseous, liquid, and solid fractions • Gasification involves partial combustion of a carbonaceous fuel so as to generate a combustible fuel gas rich in CO, hydrogen and some saturated hydrocarbons, principally methane.

Biological Transformations

Importance of Transformation Typically waste transformations are used: • to improve the efficiency of solid waste management systems • to recover reusable and recyclable materials • to recover conversion products and energy

• • • The organic fraction of MSW can be converted to usable products and ultimately to energy in a number of ways including: combustion to produce steam and electricity pyrolysis to produce a synthetic gas, liquid or solid fuel, and solids gasification to produce a synthetic fuel biological conversion to produce compost biodigestion to generate methane and to produce a stabilized organic humus

Example 3 Estimate the overall chemical composition of a solid waste sample as in Example 1 Component Wet mass, kg Dry mass, kg Food waste 15 4. 5 Paper 45 42. 3 Cardboard 10 9. 5 Plastic 10 9. 8 Garden trimms 10 4 Wood 5 4 Total 95 74. 1 C H O N S Ash

Typical data on ultimate analysis of combustible materials found in SW

SOLUTION Component Wet mass, kg Dry mass, kg C H O Food waste 15 4. 5 2. 16 0. 29 Paper 45 42. 3 18. 40 Cardboard 10 9. 5 Plastic 10 Garden trimms S Ash 1. 692 0. 11 0. 01 0. 22 2. 54 18. 61 0. 12 0. 08 2. 53 4. 18 0. 56 4. 237 0. 03 0. 02 0. 47 9. 8 5. 88 0. 71 2. 234 - - 0. 98 10 4 1. 91 0. 24 1. 52 0. 01 0. 18 Wood 5 4 1. 98 0. 24 1. 708 0. 01 - 0. 06 Total 95 74. 1 34. 51 4. 57 30. 00 0. 42 0. 13 4. 45 Moisture = 95 – 74. 1 = 20. 9 N 0. 13

Convert the moisture content to hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen = (2/18) x 20. 9 = 2. 32 Oxygen = (18/18) x 20. 9 = 18. 57 Prepare a summary table of the data Component Mass, kg Moisture 95 – 74. 1 = 20. 9 Carbon 34. 51 Hydrogen 4. 57 + 2. 32 = 6. 89 Oxygen 30. 00 + 18. 57 = 48. 57 Nitrogen 0. 42 Sulfur 0. 13 Ash 4. 45

Prepare a revised summary table Componet Mass, kg Percent by mass Carbon 34. 51 36. 3 Hydrogen 6. 90 7. 3 Oxygen 48. 58 51. 1 Nitrogen 0. 43 0. 5 Sulfur 0. 13 0. 1 Ash 4. 47 4. 7 Total 95. 02 100

Compute molar composition of the elements Component Mass, kg Kg/mol Moles Carbon 34. 51 12. 0 2. 875 Hydrogen 6. 90 1. 0 6. 9 Oxygen 48. 58 16. 0 3. 036 Nitrogen 0. 43 14. 0 0. 031 Sulfur 0. 13 32. 0 0. 004 Determine an approximate chemical formula with and without sulphur Mol ratios Element Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur = 1 Nitrogen = 1

Assignment 2

The new landfill will actually be placed adjacent to an existing, older landfill that has been capped, i. e. , the landfill will be expanded with a modern, engineered landfill. The old landfill is shown as the raised area on the top (north) part of the map. The new expansion will occur of the south side of the existing landfill (approximately 90 acres). The contours shown on the map represent the property boundary.

Your task is to perform a preliminary design for the landfill expansion. Your answer should include the following: 1. Number, layout and geometry (depth, height, side slope, etc. ) of the cells used in the expansion. 2. Timing and sequencing of cell construction. 3. Plan for dealing with soil from excavation (if applicable) and soil required for daily cover. Include volume estimates. 4. Schematic (cross-section) of bottom liner system. 5. Schematic of cap.

Additional question Good relations with nearby residents and business are a major challenge for landfill operators. List at least two items that demand special attention for the landfill operator in maintaining good relations. Group = 5 members Dateline = 14/12/2015