ACME Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

ACME Applying CLEANER PRODUCTION to MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS Introduction to UNFCC & Kyoto protocol SESSION 4 United Nations Environment Program Division of Technology Industry and Economy Swedish International Development Agency

OUTLINE Objectives of this session 1/ Background information > What is the greenhouse effect and its impact on the climate system? 2/ Climate Change > How is climate change linked to human activities? 3/ UNFCCC > What are the objectives of UNFCCC and how is it organised? 4/ The Kyoto protocol > What greenhouse gases are targeted? > What are the 3 implementation mechanisms? 5/ CP and Kyoto Protocol > How can industry in developing countries use CP as a tool to identify opportunities for projects under the Kyoto protocol? 6/ Information and tools > Tools and information about CP and the Kyoto protocol ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 2 / 48

CLIMATE CHANGE Introduction to Climate Change A few basic facts > Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. > Climate change is a global issue: 1 t. CO 2 emitted in India = 1 t. CO 2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. > Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1, 4 to 5, 8 degrees by 2100. > Climate change is likely to have a significant impact on the global environment, economy and society. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 3 / 48

BACKGROUND Planets and atmospheres Thin atmosphere (CO 2 in the ground) Average temperature: - 50°C MARS 0, 03% of CO 2 in the atmosphere Average temperature: + 15°C EARTH VENUS 96% of CO 2 in the atmosphere Average temperature: + 420°C ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 4 / 48

BACKGROUND The greenhouse gaz effect 1) Solar radiation 5 2 2) Reflected back to space 3) Absorbed by atmosphere 6 1 4 3 4) Infra-red radiations emitted from Earth 5) Some of the IR passes through the atmosphere 6) Some is absorbed and re-emitted by greenhouse gas molecules The effect is increasing temperatures on Earth ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 5 / 48

BACKGROUND Present carbon cycle Storage and flux of carbon (in billions of tones) SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS Very fast (less than 1 year) Fast (1 to 10 years) Slow (10 to 100 years) Very slow (more than 100 years) ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 6 / 48

BACKGROUND Human activity influence ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 7 / 48

BACKGROUND Variation of the temperature on Earth ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 8 / 48

BACKGROUND Temperature trends (1976 to 2000) ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol -9 / 48

BACKGROUND Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000) ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 10 / 48

BACKGROUND Climate change tends by 2100 TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS 5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC) : IPCC/SRESA 2 Models’Source forecasts : +1, 4 to +5, 8 degrees by 2100. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 11 / 48

CLIMATE CHANGE Visual impact of Climate Change ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 12 / 48

CLIMATE CHANGE Impact of Climate Change on society …Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma… Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 13 / 48

CLIMATE CHANGE Cost of extreme weather events ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 14 / 48

CLIMATE CHANGE Less visual but with major impact Consequences of climate change: Agriculture and food security Crop yields, irrigation demands. . . Forest Composition, health and productivity. . . Water resources Water supply, water quality. . . Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention. . . > Temperature increase > Sea level rise > More rain Species and natural areas Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems. . . Human health Infectious diseases, human settlements. . . ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 15 / 48

UNFCCC Overview of UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change A global legal instrument (international agreement) on the control and management of greenhouse gases (GHG). Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 1994. Status of participation: 189 Parties. Contains 2 annexes: Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate the effects of climate change Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing to developing countries for their obligations under UNFCC Affiliated instruments: Kyoto Protocol. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 16 / 48

UNFCCC Overall goal and objectives What is the overall goal? “ to protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of mankind. ” What are the further objectives? “ to achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. ” ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 17 / 48

UNFCCC Time taken to reach equilibrium CO 2 concentration, temperature, and sea level continue to rise long after emissions are reduced ! ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 18 / 48

UNFCCC Means to achieve the objectives What can be done to protect the climate system? > Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors and development of new and renewable energy forms/sources. > Protection of sinks and reservoirs of GHGs. > Limitation and reduction of transport and waste management -related emissions. > Policy changes toward elimination of market imperfections and implementation of market-based instruments, and policy reform to support GHG limits and reductions. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 19 / 48

UNFCCC Institutional framework ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 20 / 48

UNFCCC Organisation of the Convention ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 21 / 48

UNFCCC National level actors National UNFCCC focal points > Responsible for the Government’s interaction and communication with UNFCCC. > Usually a specific ministry / department. > Usually interacting with a wide range of other organizations / stakeholders at the national level. National CDM or JI organizations (DNA) > Specific organization (authority) that is responsible for approving CDM and JI activities at the national level. > Often, but not always, the same as the National Focal Point. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 22 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Bringing UNFCCC into action The Kyoto Protocol > An addition to UNFCCC that requires developed countries to limit their GHG emissions in 2012, as compared to their emissions in 1990. > Provides detailed methods and mechanisms for how the emission reductions can be achieved, measured and verified. > All members in UNFCCC have not agreed to sign the Kyoto Protocol! A long process of ratification > Adopted in 1997, but required the ratification of more than 55 countries representing more than 55% of GHG emissions. > Entered into force on February 16 th, 2005 after ratification of the Russian Federation (now 163 countries covering 61. 6% of global emissions have ratified the protocol). ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 23 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL A market-based instrument Kyoto Protocol characteristics > Commits Annex 1 countries to reduce GHG emissions by 5. 2% by 2012 compared to 1990. > Actual commitment period: 2008 - 2012. > Individual goals for each country. 3 mechanisms to help countries to reach their commitments > ETS - Emissions Trading System > CDM - Clean Development Mechanism (session 5) > JI - Join Implementation (session 6) 6 greenhouse gases: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, PFCs, HFCs, SF 6. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 24 / 48

UNFCCC Ratification of the Kyoto protocol Signed and ratified Signed, ratification pending Signed, ratification declined No position ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 25 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Greenhouse gases and GWP ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 26 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL List of countries in Annex 1 Australia Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Rep Denmark EC Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine UK USA * Countries with economies in transition to a market economy. * Countries which did not ratify Kyoto protocol. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 27 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Greenhouse gas emissions in Annex 1 GHG emitted (in billions tons CO 2 equivalent) Changes relative to 1990 (in %) Countries in Annex 1 Economies in transition Annex 1 - Economies in transition ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 28 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Emissions’ evolution in Annex 1 (2003) Decreased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline) Increased emissions in 2003 (1990 baseline) ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 29 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Sectors concerned Energy supply (24 to 48% of total GHG) > Fuel combustion (energy production, manufacturing, transport, etc. ) > Fugitive emissions (oil and natural gas, solid fuels, etc. ) Industrial processes (5 to 36% of total GHG) > Production (metal production, mineral products, chemical industry etc. ) > Consumption (halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, solvents etc. ) Waste management (primarily CH 4) > Solid waste disposal on land, incineration, wastewater handling etc. Land use (0, 3 to 9% of total GHG) > Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils, prescribed burning of savannas, field burning of agricultural residues, etc. ) > Forestry. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 30 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL CO 2 emissions from industrial process ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 31 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL CO 2 emissions from land use change ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 32 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL “Flexible mechanisms” ETS - Emissions Trading System > Can be used as supplementary to actions to meet reduction commitments. > One AAU (Assigned Amount Units) represents the tradable right to emit one t CO 2 eq. CDM - Clean Development Mechanism > Allows public or private entities to invest in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigating activities in developing countries. > CERs (Certified Emission Reductions) can be used by the project investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market. JI - Joint Implementation > Emission reduction projects implemented jointly between Annex I countries (developed countries and transition economies). > ERUs (Emission Reduction Units) can be used by the project investor to meet its own commitments, or sold on the open market. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 33 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL CO 2 market mechanisms Limitations of CO 2 emissions in developed countries (Annex I) 4 options for companies 1/ Pay expensive fines. 2/ Carry out carbon reduction through processes improvement. 3/ Buy emissions 4/ Carry out carbon credits on the reduction through CO 2 market (ETS). technology transfers in CDM or JI project. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 34 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Key Opportunities for industrials In Developing Countries (part of Annex 2): No national GHG reduction commitments but opportunity to host CDM projects, thereby benefiting from associated investments, technology transfer and transfer of know-how. In Economies in Transition (part of Annex 1): JI present an opportunity for these countries with “emission reductions to spare” to attract investments and technology transfer. What are the main opportunities for industrials? > Technology transfer to improve process and energy efficiency > Co-finance investments by selling emission credits > Prepare for future commitments (after 2012) > Achieve sustainable development ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 35 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Financial assistance Special Climate Change Fund (UNFCCC) Will fund projects relating to capacity building, adaptation, tech transfer, climate change mitigation, economic diversification for countries highly dependent on fossil fuel. Least developed countries Fund (UNFCCC) Will fund a special work programme to assist LDCs. Adaptation Fund (Kyoto Protocol) Global Environment Facility (GEF) GEF is the operating entity of the financial mechanism and the main funding channel for developing countries. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 36 / 48

KYOTO PROTOCOL Assistance at national level What can be done at the national level? > National reporting of GHG emissions; > Sources of technical assistance; > Training and technology transfer; > Ensuring compliance: penalties for not meeting reduction targets (Annex B countries [Kyoto]): “ For every 1 ton of CO 2 emissions of non-compliance during the first implementation period, 1. 3 must be reduced during the following implementation period. ” ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 37 / 48

CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL CP practitioners: focal points for action 1/ Enabling activities - overcoming barriers > work with government > work with industry 2/ Kyoto Protocol implementation > work with JI or CDM projects as project partner/proponent 3/ Function as a verification agency (DOE) > auditing and on-going verification ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 38 / 48

CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL CP practitioners (2) How can they work with governments ? > Public sector awareness and education > Policy advice related to industries’ needs to enable JI/CDM projects, in co-ordination with National CDM authority. > Build relationship with National JI/CDM authority: - co-operation on awareness-raising, workshops; - co-operation with policy advice to government; - co-operation with pilot studies, projects. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 39 / 48

CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL CP practitioners (3) How can they work with industry ? > Private sector awareness and education workshops. > Continued emphasis on enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors including GHG measurements: - renewable energy sources - energy conversion and recovery - new energy efficient processes - technology transfer for non-energy-related GHG reductions > Develop projects with industry: - integrate greenhouse gas calculations into in-plant assessments; - transfer CP investment financing knowledge toward JI/CDM related project development for. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 40 / 48

CP & KYOTO PROTOCOL Synthesis Policy advice on industry’s needs to enable JI/CDM. With national focal point (NFP), submit pilot and full-scale projects to GEF. Cleaner Production Activities Engage in technology needs assessments project with NFP. Propose JI/CDM projects. Raise awareness of JI/CDM opportunities among local key industries and partners. Assistance in formulation of National Implementation Plans (GHG inventories, needs, etc. ). ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 41 / 48 Kyoto Protocol

INFORMATIONS & TOOLS Official websites UNFCCC, site of the Convention http: //unfccc. int IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change http: //www. ipcc. ch ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 42 / 48

INFORMATIONS & TOOLS Technology Information System (1) TT: CLEAR > Web-based technology transfer information system / clearing house developed by the secretariat. > Up-to-date information on the latest technology transfer projects and case studies of successful technology transfer, environmentally sound technologies and know-how. > http: //ttclear. unfccc. int ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 43 / 48

INFORMATIONS & TOOLS Technology Information System (2) > Over 40 case studies; > More than 600 links to relevant web sites; > An inventory of methods, models and tools; > Inventory of technology cooperation projects: - Projects cited in National Communications of Annex I Parties or non-Annex 1; - Projects cited in submissions from Parties within the consultative process > Activities implemented jointly projects; > Global Environmental Facility projects and programmes; > Some bilateral projects not reported in national communications of Annex I Parties, > Some multilateral projects and programmes such as non-GEF related activities of UNEP, UNDP, UNIDO, regional development banks and other multilateral implementing agencies. ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 44 / 48

INFORMATIONS & TOOLS GHG Indicator UNEP Greenhouse Gas Indicator > UNEP guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions for businesses and non-commercial organizations. > http: //www. unep. fr/energy/tools/ghgin/index. htm ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 45 / 48

INFORMATIONS & TOOLS GERIAP - Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific (2001 -2006) > The project seeks to support Asian businesses to become more energy efficient. > The project home page contains a complete set of tools and information for business, government and intermediaries, including case studies, work sheets and guideline materials. > http: //www. energyefficiencyasia. org > http: //www. geriap. org ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 46 / 48

INFORMATIONS & TOOLS CP-EE projects Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency through a Cleaner Production / Environmental Management System Framework > UNEP project to use CPO for improving energy efficiency in industry > Focus on capacity building in National CP Centers > The CP-EE Manual on CD-ROM > http: //www. unep. fr/energy/projects/cp-ee/cpee_project. htm ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 47 / 48

CONCLUSION End of session 4 Thank you for your attention… Any questions? ACME - Session 4 - Introduction to UNFCCC and Kyoto protocol - 48 / 48