AcidBase calculations Molarity calculations play an important part

Acid-Base calculations • Molarity calculations play an important part in acid-base reaction stoichiometry • Much of what we will learned in Chapter 3 will be used here.

Molarity • M = mol/L or • M = mmol/m. L • we can use moles and liters, or millimoles and milliliters, and the molarity is still the same.

Similarities between acid-base and other reaction calculations • We still compare moles to moles, not volumes to volumes or molarities to molarities. • Additionally, knowing the limiting reactant is very important (i. e, what will run out first —acid or base? )

Some examples 1. what volume of 0. 800 M NH 3 is required to neutralize 22. 0 m. L of 12. 0 M HCl? 2. 25. 0 m. L of 0. 0500 M Ca(OH)2 added to 10. 0 m. L of HNO 3. 1. Is the solution now acidic or basic? 2. how many moles excess acid or base are in the solution? 3. how much additional Ca(OH)2 or HNO 3 sol’n required to neutralize solution?

TITRATIONS • Combining a known concentration with an unknown concentration solution. • Titrant: The solution of one reactant (usually of unknown concentration) that is carefully added to the solution of the other reactant until the resulting solution is just neutralized (no excess acid or base). • How do we know when to stop?

Titrations (con’t) • • indicators: How to measure the volume of titrant? Buret: equivalence point: The point where _______________ amounts of acid and base have reacted. • end point: The point where the indicator ______. • For accurate work, one wants the end point and equivalence point to coincide with each other.

Primary and secondary standards • Reading on standardization: your text goes over the requirements of a primary standard. You should be familiar with these requirements. • Primary standards are used to determine the concentration of solutions, which become secondary standards. • Example: KHP and Na. OH.

EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS AND NORMALITY • One mole of acid is _______________ • But, one equivalent of acid contains _______________. • The equivalent weight, then, corresponds to mass/equivalents.